Types and forms of tourism by Prof. Sonia Khan
hello friends today our lecture is on types and forms of tourism now you might be confused between types and forms of tourism but there is no need for any confusion though you will be reading many books and you will understand that many scholars have treated both types and forms of tourism as same but in this lecture i will try to differentiate between types and forms of tourism now to differentiate between types and forms of tourism there is one criteria that we have adopted now the typology that we will be having will be based upon certain broader parameters of how people travel what is their way of travel the manner in which people are moving from one place to another and the forms of tourism on the other hand are based on the interest or the travel motivation that they have that means why people travel types of travel patterns how many people travel so let's begin with the typology of tourism or the types of tourism now we have identified various broader parameters to identify the typology of tourism the first parameter that we take to identify types of tourism is based upon physical boundaries physical boundaries means what physical boundaries are tourists crossing now if the tourists are remaining within their country or within their region we call it domestic tourism and domestic tourism is also known as intra-national tourism because it remains within the country the second typology based on physical boundaries is international tourism where tourists are crossing international boundaries say for example they are moving from india to pakistan or india to sri lanka or sri lanka to singapore etc the third type of tourism based upon physical boundaries is regional tourism now we do understand that regions are a conglomeration of places or countries or regions so regional tourism can be both intranational that is within the country say for example north india or say for example south india west india or east india or regional tourism can be across the world in the identified u and wto regions which can be travel from north america to south America that is within the americas travel from americas to Europe becomes inter-regional travel and travel between regions so regional tourism can also be intra-national within the same country or it can be international now the next typology of tourism is based upon the direction of travel that means it can be either inbound tourism and outbound tourism inbound tourism obviously means coming in towards the centripetal direction that is coming in towards you coming in towards you can again be both domestic tourism or international tourism inbound domestic is when people from other states or other places coming towards your state or coming in towards your city inbound international is when people from other countries are crossing national boundaries and coming in towards your country so say for instance inbound international becomes people from other countries like france and spain coming to india the second is outbound tourism outbound tourism has a centrifugal force to us centrifugal forces pushing away sending out tourists sending out tourists can again be both domestic or international outbound domestic tourism is people from your state or your city going outwards to other cities or other states and outbound international tourism is when people from your country cross your country boundaries and move towards other countries say for instance people from india are going to spread spain to france to united kingdom or the americas now the next typology of tourism is based on the parameter of distance traveled based upon distance traveled there are two types of tourism long-haul tourism and short-haul tourism hall means distance so long altruism is long distance troubled that is beyond 3000 kilometers people moving beyond 3000 kilometers now interestingly long haul can be both intranational or international within countries that have a huge geographical area there are huge countries long-haul tourism becomes intra-national say for instance uh in the americas long-haul tourism remains within the country but it is beyond 3000 kilometers and long-haul tourism becomes international when the countries have smaller boundaries and when you are going three thousand kilometers you automatically tend to cross international boundaries say for instance in the countries of uh landlocked countries of western europe which are small countries and they have their physical boundaries right next to each other long-haul tourism easily becomes international tourism short-haul tourism is on the other hand travel within a distance of 3000 kilometers it can again be intranational or international now short-haul tourism becomes intra-nationalist when you are traveling with a distance of 3000 kilometers within your country and it becomes international short haul also becomes international say for instance when you are crossing over from the boundary of france and entering into spain so that becomes short haul international travel the next typology of tourism is based upon the nature of traveler now in terms of nature of traveler there are two kinds of tourists or travelers the free independent traveler or tourist who is rightly uh termed with the acronym fit free independent tourist now this is a tourist who makes his itineraries on his own he makes the travel plans on his own and he likes to travel independently on the other hand is the group inclusive traveler or the group inclusive tourists known as git right and group inclusive tourists are people who travel together uh particularly through package tours or maybe self-arranged tours together with a number of people and they travel together so that is group inclusive tourist next we have the tourist topology based upon spending power of tourists and in this we have the budget tourist who has a low budget of tourists and he is preferring to spend less money on travel and tourism and the other opposite of this is the elite tourists who have a high budget of travel and tourism and they are high spending tourists typology is based upon the mode of travel used by the tourist and in very simplistic terms uh the transport that is used is either air surface or water transport so based upon mode of travel there is the uh air to the people flying in by air surface using the roads or the railways and what a tourist say for example the cruise tourists typology is based upon time of travel now based upon prime of travel there are the year-round tourism year-round tourism is at destinations which have a conducive and good climate throughout the year and travel is travel and tourism is possible all around the earth say for ins example now shimla itself has become a year-round destination and the second is the seasonal tourism seasonal tourism is tourism at places which have a particular tourist season say for instance the cold regions uh where there is heavy snowfall these are seasonal destinations which are particularly attracting tourists during the snow time and the ice skating or skiing destinations right and seasonal tourism say for instance in a place like shimla is also possible uh or it happens particularly either during the winter season or the summer season so in winters people are coming to see the snow whereas in summers because summers are less troublesome than the plains of india india so seasonal tourism also happens in shimla in the months of april to may of tourism is based upon the impact that travel and tourism has on a region so hard impact tourism is tourism at a place where the too many tourists are coming in that is a heavy infrastructure or development for tourism and soft impact tourism say for instance is where little people are going and little infrastructure has been developed for tourism hard impact of tourism is largely at destinations which are popular tourism destinations and they have geared up good infrastructure for attracting tourists soft impact tourism is at uh say for instance peripheral regions where infrastructure is not highly developed and the lesser number of people are going hard impact tourism on the other hand is also related with mass tourism and soft impact tourism is also related with sustainable or alternate tourism upon destination travel there are two typologies of tourism that we can draw out rural tourism and herbal tourism rural tourism is primarily in rural or peripheral areas which have a rural economy and urban tourism is largely in metropolitan cities so so we can say that urban tourism is in places like goa is it is in places like delhi and rural tourism is uh particularly in the outskirts so say for instance rural tourism can be in the outskirts of himachal uh maybe in places of kinnor maybe in rural areas of kulumanali etc on forms of form of travel tourism can have a two uh typologies conventional or usual tourism conventional is people traveling largely for the similar interests of sightseeing shopping entertainment history and culture etc so this is the usual or conventional tourism and the opposite of this is special interest tourism now people have very special interests or these are also known as niche tourism going particularly say for instance for wildlife watching that is special interest tourism going for yoga meditation ayurveda tourism medical tourism so this is special interest tourism so having finished the typology of the parameters that we have identified now we come to forms of tourism as i told you initially forms of tourism are related to why people travel what is the interest or motivation of travel now forms of tourism i have outlined broadly uh in the following as form of tourism or the interest of tourism can be religious tourism people traveling for religion uh maybe to visit religious places of religious interests people going to mecca medina people going uh to amritsar uh people going to say for instance the chardham that is religious tourism then historical tourism we all know is based upon uh travel out of curiosity and interest in history uh the events that have taken place in history historical tourism of course we say india in itself is a historical tourism country historical tourism particularly in many of the western european countries that is historical tourism then we have cultural tourism cultural tourism is people traveling from one place to another to see and experience the cultures of countries and regions india in itself is known as a cultural tourism destination because india is it it offers a composite culture and there is a wide variety of religions faiths cultures people living in india so that is cultural tourism cultural tourism is also very uh famous in southeast asian countries next we have educational tourism in educational tourism people moving from one region to another to get acquainted and become informed uh and for uh studying uh at different countries or places that is educational tourism a lot of educational tourism is also happening in country in western countries and uh particularly in countries of canada etc educational tourism is also related to people going uh on study tours to different countries or say or to different regions of their own country or taking educational trips many institutions in india and itself have the educational trips where people are taken for a leisure and relaxation tour to other destinations so students go from one place to another in an organized educational tour so that is educational tourism next is conventional next is conventional tourism conventional tourism is also known by the acronym mice meetings incentives conventions and expositions or exhibitions this is people traveling to other places for the interest of participating in either meetings or incentives incentive tours or for participating in conferences or exhibitions etc particularly if you talk about tourism uh people going from one place to another to participate in travel and trademarks is an example of conventional tourism next we have sports tourism sports tourism is movement of people from one place to another for either participating in sports or as going as spectators people going to watch the wimbledon is sports tourism people going to participate in olympics it's sport tourism sports tourism is spectator sports when people go to watch the events and when people are moving to participate in sports events it becomes participative sports tourism next is wildlife tourism people traveling from one place to another for the interest of watching wildlife that that means particularly uh tours to national parks wildlife sanctuaries birds sanctuaries etc uh and wildlife tourism say for example a good example is people traveling to kenya and a lot of african countries to watch wildlife next is wilderness tourism wilderness tourism is often confused with wildlife tourism but it is quite different wilderness tourism is going to areas which have the minimal habitation uh human habitation and these are huge expanses of areas which are which are unoccupied they are uninhabited and they exist in their pristine conditions without any development an example is wilderness tourism particularly in many african countries and a particular example is the canadian wilderness next we have health tourism health tourism is visiting places for maintaining your health say for instance people moving from one place to another during adverse climates that is for health tourism health tourism people going to rest uh two for rest and relaxation is also health tourism for restoration of health people going to say for instance hot water springs or springs which have certain mineral qualities in them which are good for your body this is health tourism next is medical tourism medical tourism has a curative element to it medical tourism is related to going for treatment of ailments so medical tourism is related to treatment medical treatment and in india and many of the south asian and south east asian countries are becoming prime destinations for medical tourism because we have excellent doctors and on the other hand are we do not charge extreme uh medical curative rates next is the relaxation tourism relaxation is tourism is based upon the 3s sun sand and sea and relaxation primarily to recuperate your uh bodily senses your body and mind then is ethnic tourism ethnic tourism is related to going to places uh to understand where your forefathers came from where you have your roots so that is ethnic tourism next is sociological tourism sociological tourism is also identified as vfr tourism it is related to your social bonds visiting friends and relatives is the full form of vfr sociological tourism going to meet your friends family attend weddings functions etc that is sociological tourism next next is social tourism social tourism means having engaging in tourism which is for the welfare of the society or the weaker sections of society that is perhaps maybe taking a tour of the poor children from the slums uh for a sightseeing or for recreation or social tourism can also mean maybe taking a tour of the handicapped people the elderly the old age people after social tourism is political tourism political tourism is going to travel and participate in political events that can be political meetings that can be political conferences political fests or say for instance a political event like the coronation of the king or queen somewhere or for instance perhaps going to uh witness a royal wedding of people from the monarchy of or from a people who are engaged in any kind of politics or are in the political domain then is grief tourism grief tourism is largely going and visiting places where some kind of death or destruction has occurred grief tourism is quite similar to tana tourism thanatos is a greek word which means death so grief tourism an example is going to say for instance visit jaliya malabang or to go and visit the site where the twin towers were and they were you know attacked by the aeroplane attacked they were destroyed uh in the united states of america now continuing with forms of tourism the next is adventure tourism adventure tourism specifically means to go and travel for participating in some participation in some kind of adventure activities and now that can be uh say for instance mountain bike rallies or car alleys or desert rallies or adventure related to mountaineering or say for instance bungee jumping or some kind of wildlife activity adventure activity next is shopping tourism shopping tourism primarily is of interest to people who are interested in going particularly for shopping to different destinations and here again we can say dubai is a very good example uh for a shopping tourism destination and it hosts the annual dubai shopping festival other than that the southeast asian countries or are also very very famous for shopping tourism then we have the entertainment tourism entertainment tourism is uh particularly for going to attend uh music fests uh theatrical festivals uh or some kind of film fair uh awards etc and entertainment tourism uh is again uh famous at destinations which host such kind of entertainment events then is gambling tourism gambling tourism is uh going to participate or in some kind of uh in in gambling uh interests and that is largely uh casinos that attract gambling tourists and las vegas is an extremely important gambling destination then we have backpacking tourism backpacking tourism is of interest to people who like to go into the outback and explore the the unknown uh places they take the the road less taken and the these are largely undertaken by individuals or small groups of uh people participating in backpack tours backpacking tourism is very famous in a country like australia then we have ecotourism eco-tourism is a form of tourism that attracts people to go to places which are rich in ecology rich in flora and fauna and this largely attracts people who appreciate the environment and who also go as responsible tourists then space tourism is another activity which is becoming of interest to tourists the rich and the famous actually and richard branson we know that he has a recently introduced the virgin galactica which is a spacecraft which will be taken taking tourists to space and explore the unknown space or other planets then is in india we started one venture that was declined tourism but it has really not been implemented very well so here a decoy tourism is of interest because uh the plan was to take tourists to the whole area where uh in madhya pradesh particularly where known decoys like a fuland devi used to you know live then you have gap year tourism gap year tourism is taken when people take a gap year after say for instance their education or between switching education streams or say for instance between uh switching between an education and then joining a career or between two careers so they take a whole year off to go and travel and explore places and enjoy themselves that is gap year tourism extreme tourism is a tourism that is of interest to people who like some kind of adrenaline rush in them and they participate in extreme activities the this is largely uh similar to adventure tourism as well slow tourism is a new uh kind of tourism that has emerged and slow is uh enjoying the experiences of travel and immersing yourself in culture at uh at a very slow pace and soaking in the experiences of a place so that is slow tourism here you are not going to take a you know sightseeing bus and do quick sightseeing tours of the destinations rather you would walk and you will immerse in the cultures you will eat local food street food and uh you will maybe sit by the roadside cafe and watch the people go by then next we have dark tourism at hana tourism thanatorism is quite similar to grief tourism going to places where dark events in history have occurred maybe massacres maybe deaths maybe crusades etc and for dark tourism a famous destination is the auswitz concentration camp during the nazi period where a lot of people were killed in concentration camps during the nazi regime then as wellness tourism wellness tourism deals with maintaining your uh the health of your body and mind and wellness tourism is in the forms of your participation in yoga ayurveda or spiritual spirituality and then next we have sex tourism sex tourism is going to places where sex trade is legal and here again the countries of the netherlands and thailand are very famous and another and lust or last form of tourism is voluntourism voluntourism is say for instance going to places and participating in some kind of voluntary rehabilitation work or some kind of social work along with engaging in travel and sightseeing at places so that can be going to an earthquake hit destination and helping the people get back to their lives or maybe say for instance teaching english as a foreign language in a country non-english speaking country so this is voluntourism so these are certain many forms of tourism and as you will see every day some kind of new form of tourism is emerging because tourism has now diversified into special interest tourism so now we have categorized the typology of tourism and forms of tourism and that uh is a clear differentiation that the typology is based upon brodaka criteria on the manner in which people travel and forms of tourism uh are a part of the typology of tourism next in the next two slides you will be going through certain links which i have given so for further reading and then i have also given two assignment questions which you can work on and you will try to write answers and we can have further discussions on that so this finishes uh the topic of types and forms of tourism for now thank you you
2022-02-08 06:54
