hello viewers once again i take the privilege to welcome you all to this fantastic webinar this is muhammad faro hussein and it is good evening for all bangladeshis and for some people who are in different areas it might be good morning and maybe even good afternoon or some places anyway this webinar is conducted by jamal nasru islam astronomy club just and i am acting as an advisor of this club since the establishment we are trying to develop and enhance the concepts of science throughout the individuals who have a desire to introduce with the unknown and mysterious realm of earth and space well there is a famous quote of thomas hobbes about curiosity he said curiosity is the lust of the mind i believe that curious minds always want to know like if i ask you are you alone in this universe do you have any answers in your hand i guess you are confused okay forget it another question for you is there any existence of life beyond earth you are confused again right okay don't be confused you will get the crystal clear and amusing explanations of these queries in this webinar because we are going to talk about this in this webinar that's why the title of today's webinar is are we along nasa technologies to find life beyond heart and answers to other science questions this is the topic of our today's webinar and uh i am sharing uh the uh topic of today's web webinar uh yes okay uh here you go so this is the topic of today's webinar okay so thank you um well uh our honorable guest is here to give you the answers of your queries okay so just stay with us and enjoy this wonderful webinar yes for this time we are really delighted to get gotham chat as the speaker of this session well thank you very much for accepting our invitation very we really appreciate your cooperation okay uh gautam chattawada is already joined with us i hope i am audible to you right yes i can okay so please uh say hello to the viewers hello hello everyone i am really glad that i could i could be here and talking to you and so idea of that is i i will post some questions not that we have all the answers but you know we collectively we are put our head together we are trying to find answer to these fundamental questions and that is the idea of this talk okay thank you thank you very much um and i think you are now staying in us at this moment right that's correct it's actually 8 a.m in california i'm in pasadena california near los angeles so what is the kobe 19 situation right now in us please actually it has it has improved significantly and in across the nation about close to 50 percent of the people already got first dose of vaccine and about 25 people are fully vaccinated and number of cases are have stabilized but still high in the about 60 000 per day but but it's actually under control in a way but people have to still be very careful mass and you know not social not gather social gathering and social distancing that is very important okay okay thank you and we also hope that everything will be fine uh in a very short time okay uh so great gautam i will come back to you uh in a while so but by this time i want to share a little bit information about one time okay uh gautam has a glorious carrier now let me share them with you first of all he's a man of nasa wow i'm sure all of you know about nasa okay undoubtedly nasa is the most popular resource station in this world and gautam is a senior scientist of nasa he is a visiting associate with the division of physics mathematics and astronomy at california institute of technology usa he was the design engineer of tata institute of fundamental research he has authored or co-authored more than 350 publications in international journals and conferences and holds more than 20 patents that's really impressive okay let's talk about the educational background of gokum and he received his phd degree in electrical engineering from california institute of technology usa in 2000 uh now uh his resource interest okay his research interests include microwave millimeter wave and terahertz heterogyny and direct detector receivers and instruments and high frequency routers okay try hard sources and application of nano technology and dry hearts frequencies okay but there are various selected layouts of gotham chatripath such as he was the fellow of institute of electrical and electronics engineers that is ichikoli in 2011 he was also the fellow of institute of electronics and telecommunication engineers i ete in 2014 he received several hours like the iat professor sn mitra memorial award i triple e distinguished microwave lecture hour jpl mariner award you also got nasa group asset main ever in several times in 2014 2011 2009 2007 and 2005. okay he has 500 plus connections including many famous personalities such as bill gates and this is really amazing okay and his google scholar citation is also very high uh around ten thousands and he is an elected adcom member of the i tripoli mtt society and is the chair of the meetings and symposia committee well you can ask any questions regarding this webinar by commenting we have a questions and answer section at the end of this webinar okay there was a lot of talk uh now it's time for go to chat so please start your discussion thank you very much um you know farooq i want to thank all of you who have joined in and the astronomy club for organizing uh this event i really like to talk to young people who are young researchers young professionals who are you know we have a lot of questions as i mentioned however we do not always have all the answers so today's idea that i will try to actually pose some of these questions and we'll tell you where we are in terms of answering them and then also show some of these you know technologies that we are developing at nasa to answer uh you know some of these and so i will present uh my slides uh about you know 45 40 45 minutes and then i will leave it a lot of time for question and answers because that's why i'm sure that we always learn more when we have some discussions so we'll try that let me try to share my screen and we'll go from there so share screen okay i screen sharing two monitors okay share screen to share let me see yes i want to show let's see yes so can you see my screen now uh yeah it is visible to us okay okay so all right so um the topic of today's discussions are we alone you know nasa technologies to find life beyond our answers to other science questions and i chose this uh you know this background for a particular reason because we are always curious and what you see here is a small girl is you know kind of going uh to mars and trying to find out if there is life so he's kind of an astronaut on a mars and hopefully that will be a woman so that's the idea of this slide so let's talk so i first want to acknowledge my group members we have a small group of people who uh develop uh technologies for us doing answering some of these questions so if you look at the faces of these people you will realize that they come from all over the world so one of the reason for the success behind nasa is we have the diversity we have the diversity of thoughts we have the diversity of the people and that is very important so i always tell students that when you talk to your friends do not just talk to people who are working only in you know your area so try to talk to people who are uh also working in different areas because sometimes you get feedback that is much more useful when you are talking to other people so a little bit about nasa and jpl you know nasa many of you know that our headquarters in washington dc and that is in the uh east coast uh you know and then our we have nasa labs all across the country and we are at the other side on the west coast in california jet propulsion laboratory this is one of the largest nasa labs and we do robotic missions you know mission to mars that is going on and talk a little bit about that of course so and so let's start this is the big bang theory the big bang this is not the big bang theory that you watch on tv this is the real big bang theory so we believe that our universe started with a big bang with an explosion about 13.85 billion years ago and if we want to understand uh what happened how we all came about and in electromagnetics that the electromagnetic radiation then we can go back all the way up to about 400 the thousand years that's about 380 000 years after the big bang when the first radiation of this universe came out and that is called the cosmic microwave background radiation uh because beyond that you know before that not that there was no radiation but nothing could escape this horse plasma that was created because of big bang and so we can go back all the way up to that time and if just for a little bit of information that that cosmic microwave background signature the signal first was detected by two physicists pandyas and wilson in 1964 and they got nobel prize for that so that's very interesting story about about that so um then so we have been to about the search of life i want to talk a little bit about mars as well because mars is our closest neighbor and we go there from time to time and a few last you know few uh two decades we have been sending rovers landers and rowers on mars who land there go around and trying to do experiments you can see that in 1996 we had pathfinder and then speed and opportunity 2003 that curiosity landed in 2011 and you know that recently earlier this year we landed mars rover uh perseverance and perseverance has started doing exploration there and we are getting some amazing data already uh i'll talk more about that and also you must be reading about the ingenuity helicopter uh that has uh you know already took two flights uh so there are a lot of instruments on perseverance and uh one more right now what you are seeing is the the camera that mass cam z and nav cam all those cameras are actually taking pictures and sending back and also there are many instruments one of them is called moxie and moxie is creating oxygen on the martian surface from carbon dioxide and just most recently yesterday we got the news that it produced a good amount of oxygen for the first time there is a huge success and this is the picture of the perseverance robot when in our lab here at jpl it was just getting packed up to send uh to florida for launch so this was just you know just before it's launched that when you track it and send it so landing on mars is extremely challenging and more so when we are using a huge big in a rover this is you know ways a lot so what happens is because mars has a very thin atmosphere one percent of planet earth so it doesn't have enough friction to slow it down we when we are entering at the atmosphere of mars we are traveling just before that we are traveling at about 77 000 kilometers per hour that is a huge speed to slow it down on earth what happens our atmosphere it slows down quite a lot but in mars we cannot do that so we have to be very very uh you know precise in how we enter the martial atmosphere what we do we come at an angle about 11 to 12 degrees so that we have enough path that will provide us this breaking effect on this spacecraft and then we release a parachute you can see here and after the parachute is deployed then what happens this we have we turn on some of these you know thrusters that slows us down and then towards the end we have something called a sky crane that releases our rover and goes all the way down so that is um that that's how we land on mars so we this time perseverance rover has we had we have decided we have chosen the location very carefully it is going it has landed near something called zero crater so this is artistic impression that we believe there is a big crater and there is kind of a lake um at the cracker and there's a lot of water uh however if you go there now this is dry if you on this on the left panel you can see it's actually dry we landed very close to that and the perseverance of one will take this path to go around and do experiments and also that helicopter that i talked to you about so reset this is the pictures uh when the land perseverance robot was landing on mars you can see here this picture on the left it was taken by the module which had this crane which is lowering it down so the camera mounted there this is the actual footage when the crane was lowering the perseverance rover towards the ground and this on the right side what you see that we have two orbiter that is going on mars going around mars one of them is called mro a mars reconnaissance albeiter and another is called magnet so they also took a lot of pictures when uh the persiveness of water is going down you can see here that when the parachute was deployed on the right top panel and then you can see all the small uh you know small images of different parts after it landed where you know where the parachute went when the decent stage went here is at the bottom you can see the rover itself so this is a real picture so we are on the surface of the mars at this time and this is the picture panoramic picture that perseverance rover sent this is beautiful if you look at this um you will realize that how closely this resembles our own planet earth so that is the intrigue and that's why we actually are very much interested if you look at the terrain here that perseverance over has sent and curiosity also had sent similar pictures before uh uh you know you can see this this all this uh we get this kind of terrain only when there is flowing water uh on on any surface but when you go to mars now we don't see flowing water so the question is what happened to that water so what can you do to can it happen to our own planets one day so currently the distance between uh you know mars and earth is about 260 million kilometers that is 26 square kilometer that is a huge distance so but to reach mars we had to actually go we had to travel about 400 million kilometers because we have to launch at a time when mars is not there when we are going to reach because both mars and earth is rotating right so we'll have to have precise calculations to make sure that we arrive at the orbit of mars little bit ahead of time of mars so that mars will catch up from behind and then we are going to enter uh there so all this stuff needs a lot of precise calculations and uh but we are getting very good at it nowadays that we can actually do this because you know 70 percent uh of the last six successive missions landing on mars by nasa has been successful so that is we are getting better but is always very very challenging so again i was showing this this is again another picture that was taken by curiosity you can see here this terrain we do not get this kind of terrain when there is no flowing water which means that at some point of mars there was flowing water but if we go there today there is no flowing water so this is very intriguing and we are trying to understand what happened so one of the question that people might ask that why do we go back to mars from time to time you know time and again why not somewhere else why mars the reason is that if you look at mars mars resembles earth in many ways especially in its early history the question we have is was mars ever habitable planet was there life on mars at any point in time or is there life on mars today so this is this is the question this prime mission uh you know the purpose of this perseverance is to answer this question and we believe that zero crater where you have landed it is an ideal place because if there was a lake at one point of time what is underneath what is currently out there is there any signature that we can find so this is the idea of that so the if we are trying to answer this question about life outside of our planet earth i am asked this question you know very often so if you ask me today that what do i think are we alone is there life anywhere else just to be sure i want to tell you that we have not found any sign of any life anywhere outside our planet at the end so whatever you read on internet about all these aliens that is not true if you find any aliens let us know we'll be very happy but we have not found any but if you ask me this question is the possibility of life anywhere else my answer to that will be highly highly probable uh why do i say that you can do a back of the envelope calculations we know that our son is a star and it is in our galaxy milky way galaxy and we have about 100 billion stars order of magnitude in our own galaxy and it turns out there are about 100 billion galaxies in our universe i all of you know how to do math if you do your math you will know that there are about 10 to the power 22 to 10 year 23 stars in our universe and we are finding like our planets our sun has how many planets eight so we are finding that many of these stars of these hundreds and trillions of stars out there many of them have many many planets not only one many planets going around them so the question is what is the probability that we find at least one such planet where conditions are such that life can exist so that has to be finite that probability right so that's why we are kind of confident that maybe life has developed somewhere else we don't know what form of life we have no idea but there is a possibility and that's what we are trying to actually find out and that is the quest that is the you know biggest quest of human being to find out that you know are we really that unique are we really alone in this universe and that's why that quest is ongoing so if you i talked about all these planets right they're called exoplanets so we have been finding we so far we have found more than 4 000 exoplanets that is planets not in our around our own sun so around other suns if you can see that we are finding all kinds of planets some of them are big gas giants like jupiter and some of them like our planet earth so when we are looking for a planet to find life what we call we call the planets in the habitable zone what you mean by habitable zone is planets where the temperature is such the conditions are such so that water can exist in the liquid form on the surface so they are called the habitable zone planets they have to be rocky planet we know that life cannot be sustained at least the kind of life that we know on a gaseous giant like jupiter so it has to be a rocky planet so we are looking for rocky planets also we are looking for the planets where you know the conditions are such that water can exist why water can we why are looking for water based because you know kind of life that we know they are hydrocarbon based they need water uh they need oxygen uh to live so that's why you are looking for that kind so a lot of people tell ask me that well maybe there will be life other form not like our kind why aren't we searching for them my question is how do you search for them if you don't know what to look for how do you look for that so that's why we are searching our kind of life you know many of you uh have read about robin no not taku so uh they are ravina kapur has a beautiful song uh and one of the line of that is that we are searching for the unknown through what we know right so that's why here we are looking for life you know in outside our planet earth through the knowledge that we have and our knowledge of life is what we know today and that's why we are looking for is it is possible that we can stumble upon some other form of life but you know that but we cannot actively search for that because we have no idea what to look for and the question is that as i mentioned there are trillions and trillions of stars out there then how come we have only found 4 000 planets why not more the reason is we have started looking only very recently this is so far we have looked only in this region of our own galaxy the milky way galaxy so as i said there are 100 billion galaxies like this and we have not even looked at our own galaxies in all of stars so the reason is we cannot really we do not have the technology to go beyond this and really precisely look on those those planets so it's very very difficult so we'll have to develop new technologies and that's why i am looking at you uh so that you all will be able to you know help us develop new technologies so that we can actually look beyond uh our own galaxy to find more and more extra planets so how do we actually find an exoplanet how do we find uh when you are doing what what do we do to look for an exoplanet this is a very simple way to look at one of the technique that we use called transit time detection method so what happens is if the planet is going around the star the way on the left of the top left screen we won't be able to see because that is you know in our line of sight when we won't be able to detect that planet however if the planet in our line of sight it is going around the way on the right top side uh then we'll be able to detect what we do is that we actually isolate that particular star so light that's coming from the star we isolate and we try to measure the total amount of light that is coming from that star and then if you see the brightness of this star and as the planet goes in front of that star the amount of light that is coming will dip ever slightly and by detecting that we'll be able to tell that there is a planet and then we actually can know a lot about looking at the time transit time how much time it has gone about you know how big that uh planet is and how far it is from uh from the from the star and then we can do some calculations and find out is it rocky planet is a gaseous what is the density of that planet so we can also find out about the temperature what could be the temperature because we know how bright that star is so there is lot of things you can do once you make this kind of measurements and know about that particular planet so that's what we do this is one of the methods another method uh that we use it's called uh you know doppler effect so what happens is that you all know doppler doppler effect that you know frequency changes when something is moving away from us or something moving towards us so in this case if we actually lock at a frequency and as the planet goes around that star the frequency changes ever slightly and by change by detecting the change of frequency we'll be able to tell because of the doppler that that is a planet so these are all different techniques that we use to detect uh the stars so let's talk about you know now we are finding more and more of these you know planets and with the search is on and we have already found quite a few of these planets which are in the habitable zone with goldilocks zone and they have their rocky planets that could be the temperature is also kind of very very you know conducive for life so we are now looking for more evidence within atmosphere there so for that we need much better technology much better instruments to do that so let's search for water i said that the kind of like hydrocarbon based life that you are looking for it needs water right so is there water out there in the universe the answer is yes and we actually built an instrument called herschel hifi i was part of uh the team we built that instrument and that detected water come in you know sun-like stars and we found that the water is not only water there is coming out a very high speed 200 000 kilometer per hour water is coming out from these stars and if you know that if you fire a bullet from a ak-47 rifle not that you should do that but i'm just saying it's the speed is about 2500 kilometer per hour so this water molecules are coming out at 80 times faster than uh this bullet then if what happens is if something traveling that fast it generates a lot of heat right and try to destroy itself however looking using uh you know this kind of instrument we are finding that conditions are such that it finds a way to and generate huge amounts of water how much about 100 million times the total amount of water in the amazon river is being formed every second in these stars which means this universe is flooded in water so there is a lot of water out there so the question is if there is water is there life so that is the question we are trying to answer so one of another very interesting thing that uh you will know that actually when our earth was formed there's no water and scientists believe that comets brought water to earth if i tell you that i i'm going to tell okay you know comments brought water to art that case you are going to ask me uh i don't believe you what is the proof that is a very good question because as a scientist as an engineer we'll have to always ask this question and if you don't ask this question you are not going to get these answers so so what we do to actually determine this is very simple method it turns out that water has different colors in the sense there are different kinds of water out there the most common the one that we drink every day is h216o that sixteenth oxygen isotope that is the most stable water most abundant form of water but the other kinds of water is h217oh to 18o hdo one hydrogen one deuterium on oxygen and you all know about heavy water as well like d2o as well so it turns on if you take the ratio of different uh kinds of water the abundance of different kind of water as well as d over h what is how much butarium and how much hydrogen this ratio if you take it turns out that if the earth's water these ratios matches very closely with some comets if the ratios are same the source has to be the same and we have made about 10 to 12 such measurements but not enough so currently actually i am building an instrument to go on a very shoes size satellite to go to comet and make this kind of measurements as a very easy way so i'll show some of this stuff that what i am doing uh to do this but it will be very intriguing because that answer we have not settled that question yet that did really comments brought over to what it's looking that way but we don't know yet hundred percent so when i talk about we are looking for exoplanets but we cannot really go there yet to find all these exoplanets in there in life because if you one of the places where we found a planet which is in the habitable zone is four light years away and if you want to go there with current this technology it will take about 40 million years to go there which means we are not going to go there in our own lifetime right so what do we do we are now question is okay that could be life outside is that what is the possibility of life in our own solar system so this is the question that we are looking into and that there is huge possibility one of the places is enceladus enceladus is actually moon of saturn it is a very cold planet and it turns out that it is as is kind of icy uh however we are through this hi-fi herschel instrument we found that water is gushing out from enceladus if you actually zoom on that you can see what is coming out these are all water which means even if it is very cold but they have there is some mantle the source of heat that is making this water in the liquid form so what else is coming out from in this water is there life if there is water if there is a source of heat that possibility of life so we are actually looking into that and maybe uh nasa is planning in future maybe there will be a mission to enceladus to actually find out what else is going on so that will be really uh interesting another place that that could be life we believe is europa europa is a moon of jupiter and it is again a very cold planet and it turns out we have actually through experiments we found that europa and of course this is very cold and they have ice you know ice everywhere but under the ice shell there is a liquid water ocean that's what you believe and if there is a water ocean which means that has to be a source of heat and the question is that if there is water there is a source of heat that is alive in the water ocean of europa that is a very intriguing question and we are trying to answer that and if uh you know how do you actually do that how do you do that experiment it takes seven years to go to europa but it turns out that you know all these ice that we have on the surface of europe but that is thick about 15 to 100 kilometers but there are a lot of cracks in into that and this water this material seep all the way to the top but whenever it goes reaches the top it freezes right and then if when it uh but europa is very close to jupiter and jupiter has very high magnetic field so what the magnetic field does the radiation does it spatters all the material from the surface in the atmosphere so we are building instruments to trying to find out what is those material that is coming in the atmosphere uh is that you know organic materials so that is uh that is the uh you know that's why we are building the instruments to answer this if there is organic material there is possibility of life organics does not necessarily mean life but there is possibility and then there could be life on venus as well recently we actually found uh the evidence that maybe venus atmosphere venus will be extremely hot planet we all know that right the substance temperature is about uh 700 degrees celsius however we are finding that in the upper atmosphere if you go 50 60 kilometers in the atmosphere uh the temperature is very you know right in about 20 degree centigrade 25 degree centigrade and we recently there was a detection of phosphene in the atmosphere of venus and that has created a lot of buzz that we are some scientists believe that amount of hospital can come only from a biotic process that means some kind of life form can generate we are trying to actually uh look into that there will be future mission to go to venus to answer this question uh you can see on the right there's an article i wrote in one of the newspapers in calcutta about this so those are the science questions actually spend a little bit of time about technology what kind of technology that we are developing so if we are trying to you know go to these places go to enceladus go to europa and other places one of the key technology that you need to develop is that you have to miniaturize everything because mass and power is the main driving uh you know challenge that we have so we have been very good historically to miniaturize you can see this is the first ic that was built in 1960 only had three to four transistors and then in 1969 we had this intel to develop this sram chip it has about 2000 transistors but nowadays we are building cheap that is billions of transistors millions and billions of transistors and we are producing our 10 to the 19 transistors per year that is you know 1000 transistor for every ant on planet earth so and so most of them work so we are getting better at that however just make making it cheap is not going to do it so what we have to do is we will have to put the instrument together and what we are looking for nowadays is building instruments on a a satellite in a shoebox size is called cubesat and students can work on it the best part is students across the globe they are actually started building this kind of small satellites called cubesats their size is how much they go in terms of unit of u one u stands for a cube of ten centimeter by ten centimeter by ten centimeter so it's a very small satellite but everything has to work in that so that is the challenge and we have been building lot of you know sending quite a few cubesats and many of them are in the planning as well and recently the first cubesat that you have sent to mars is called marco so what happened is we when the spacecraft goes on the atmosphere of mars you do not have direct communication link to earth so we are we work in the dark so we call it seven minutes of terror so to avoid that for inside spacecraft we had released two cubesats to actually communicate and it worked very well that was the first cubesat that we used and another one that we are actually we have developed called rain cube this on a radar instrument sorry i'll go back so this is a radar instrument uh honest again shoebox size satellite uh you can see here you are deploying an antenna that is 50 centimeter in diameter in a sphere is but it has to be stored in a very small volume so how do you do that there are lot of challenges to do this so we we overcame that through innovative ideas this is the antenna that we developed this is 50 centimeter antenna but it has to be stored in a 10 centimeter cylinder volume so that that was the challenge we actually solved it and yeah i'll show you a video how it antenna deploys you can see here sorry again so i play this hopefully to play you can see here we just released a a small spring and then the antenna deploys you can see that is deploying is like an umbrella [Music] and then there will be a another part that is the sub reflector that also gets deployed and then the antenna works perfectly so this is the way we have to see we when we are developing instruments when you are doing working for nasa we are always faced with different challenges and we will have to overcome through innovation and innovation happens when people all of us put our head together and we are facing a difficult problem to solve so that's that's what we we did and also we built a lot of other kinds of you know antennas that can go on the side wall of a cubesat this is a in antenna i call for kids bed antenna the metallic pins that is sticking out and we just this is very thin you know the thickness of this antenna is thickness of your hair so you can actually put it on the sidewall metallic side wall of the uh you know spacecraft yourself that behaves as an antenna and so i was telling you that i am building an instrument that can go to the comets what i call the instrument is whatsapp uh not whatsapp is what's up so water hunting advanced teraheart spectrometer ultra small platform because we are trying to answer this question what's up with water so this is again on a small cubesat in a shoebox size satellite extremely challenging but we made amazing progress if you are interested i can go into details later on uh because this is it works on as i was saying different kinds of water it will detect of you know hdo h270 h2 180 and h216 and it's a very small instrument it weighs only two kilograms and draws less than five watt of power and we have made lot of innovation here to solve uh a lot of challenges that we face and uh this is some more of these details and you can see the integration sorry this one is so so what we have done is here that you can see that we put everything together it had come together very nicely this instrument and so that instrument has come together very well and we will be able to launch it sometime soon and so i have a few more minutes i'll take to talk about the mars helicopter because i know a lot of you are very excited about the helicopter engineered helicopter so why we are sending a helicopter to mars because uh you know when you send a robot the rover can go at certain certain places but we thought that if we can send a helicopter then he can take off and go around on martian surface and send some data back and with that we'll be able to decide where the interesting places and the rover can go there so this is some of the details of the helicopter the if if the flight duration of the helicopter will be at least two to three minutes it has about 600 meters range so it will hover around you know maximum height it will go about 40 meters above the ground so why it is challenging to send a helicopter to mars you know we have seen helicopter on planet earth on a regular basis the difficulty is that mars has a very light atmosphere one percent of planet earth so that to get enough lift he'll have to the rotor blades has to rotate really at a very high speed about 2500 to 2600 rpm revolution per minute but on planet earth we need about only 400 to 600 rpm so this helicopter has you know that he weighs about 1.4 kilograms the
wingspan of this blade is about 1.1 meter and it draws about it needs about 200 watts of power it has solar panels on on the top of this helicopter that's how it does and you know it has it is fully autonomous it has all cameras gyroscope accelerometer it does everything on its score and so these are the pictures of the helicopter that is being released on mars from the perseverance rover you can see here on the left panel that there was a cover that was covering mars that this helicopter in unity and then that was first dropped and then slowly helicopter being released you can see three different pictures and then it was fully down on the ground it is being lowered down on the ground and then you can see on the track marks on the right side when uh the perseverance was moved away after dropping the helicopter on the ground and this week two flights first flight of the helicopter was done the first flight it was it actually is helicopter went up about three meter distance you know at the elevation it went up three meters in hoover for about 40 seconds it made a kind of rotation about 96 degrees and then came down again that was the first flight that was the first time after you know wright's brother did the first flight on planet earth that is the first flight on mars and then yesterday we had the second flight the second flight was that it went up up to five meters distance and then it made a tilt about five degrees and went uh ahead for five meters and then came back again and landed so both of them have been successful that is really uh uh you know amazing if you think about it to fly something on another planet with which has which is extremely challenging so i will end my talk with this slide that you can see here this is the helicopter just before it was packed on the pacific so this is amazing and we are looking forward to hear more uh you know in coming days from perseverance rover as well as from this helicopter and with that i will end and i will stop sharing my screen uh so how do i stop sharing my screen so are we back have i stopped sharing my screen yeah okay this is a stop okay okay so um thank you very much for your information presentation and now this is the time for the questions and answer section uh we get a lot of questions from the viewers uh so uh we can start this session right and if you can pick the questions and read out to me that would be great because for me it's difficult to see the questions and i'll leave it up to you to which questions today okay okay sure so the first uh question is from uh kumar pal okay this is the question and asked that don't you think that this is the time to leave out and search for new ones okay very interesting question but problem is uh or the challenges that we have is uh we do not really found any other in a better place to live so if you think about mars and other planets that you can go they are not very uh you know they're not believable so the best place in the universe for us is still our planet so instead of leaving it behind it will be better to take care of it so make sure that all of us do our part and uh and we take care of our planet earth so that uh we preserve uh the one or the only planet that we know okay thank you thank you very much for your answers and then the second one the second question is from ben who and uh the question of being who is whose facts are against an oscillating universe so okay again this is a good question with what we know so far if we have to look at the evidence so so far the evidence that we are seeing is a ever expanding universe because if you look at in you know that hubble constant and everything that we can measure right that is how how they are moving away and from the evidence-based science if you look at we see evidence is pointing more and more towards an expanding universe and that has started with the big bang so if someone comes up with a theory that is you know borne out by some experimental evidence with oscillating universe will of course people will are open to it but so far again we evidence suggests that it is an expanding universe okay um thank you thank you very much okay now another question from uruk malakar and his question is especially why do we need to find out lives in exoplanets so this is a actually fundamental question for human being that we are explorer by nature we want to find out how things work that's how we actually can not only exactly improve our own life current life in the process because we when you are trying to find out new things how things work the new science and one of the the basic questions human beings always ask themselves is that our form of life how did it evolve how can you be so unique that only life can evolve here not in other places so we always want to answer this fundamental question and that's why we are doing but in the process we develop technologies that improve our life currently i am sitting in california and you are some of you are sitting in bangladesh and we can seamlessly talk through video how how did it happen how did it come about it came about before the lot of technologies that have been developed for space space applications space science so in the process of doing science we develop technologies that improve you know our our life our day-to-day life so we'll have to always keep that question in mind when we are actually trying to answer these questions okay thank you well thank you very much so okay there is another one and this is from sulphuric acid okay so and he asked is there really exist multiverse multiverse uh we do not know yet we have not seen uh any evidence of or multiverse ah so so if you think about evidence but we cannot definitively say because whenever we are you know saying answering this kind of there is no correct answer only thing we know based on the evidence that we have seen that we have only one universe so if you find your evidence that yes that exists multiverse only then you will be able to see so as of now we have not seen any evidence okay so uh thank you and then another question and this is from shopnil his question is why does the universe have to be so grant a scale of space and time good question i wish i knew that uh you know because it the way uh the universe was created that we know at least we think we know uh from the big bang the huge amount of material that existed and then this material is spreading out so if you actually integrate all these materials it is huge and grand it is yes we are in awe that you know something house so grand space and time and that makes it more much interesting as well right if we are really tiny small universe and not this grand scale maybe you will be able to solve many of these you know answer many of these questions much more easily okay so thank you and then another question from the same uh viewer participant and this is the question why the universe itself can't be the most fundamental thing i don't know what exactly you mean by this question uh of course universe itself is the most fundamental thing in a way uh because you know that our universe exists is fundamental it's real so um so i i it's not clear to me what exactly you mean by this question okay okay so thank you and uh now this is the question from nashville approach and he asked what is the relation between organic material and life it's a very good question if you think about its life you know life is built of organic materials right so if when you are searching for organic materials but organic materials does not necessarily mean life it is a required condition but not sufficient but if you look at the other way all life form has organic materials so that's why this is important okay thank you and then this is the questions from imran and we said so far we can detect exoplanet atmospheres through transit spectroscopy just wondering if we would be able to somehow disciple the surfaces of extra planets on is jwst in space uh that is a very very good question uh that is absolutely true because you know the jwst when it's launched you know this is james uh west uh space telescopes so when it's launched uh it will uh james webb sorry i've said west uh that was so james webb is uh space telescope when it's launched it will make a big leap in this field because much more powerful than the current generation of telescope so we'll be able to see a lot you have to learn a lot however we it is not going to solve all our problems because we still won't be able to directly detect this planet so all these detection that you are doing there are indirect methods right transistor methods and others the indirect methods we are not really imaging the exoplanets directly so jwst will do you know some work in that direction uh but again this is not able to look far far beyond you know our own galaxy and you know directly image exoplanets but you are absolutely correct that it is going to make this first step in that direction yeah yeah thank you and uh now i'm going to pick up another question and this is from al-musa daphredi and he said that the fact that the galaxy andromeda comes towards the milky way is not in contradiction with the big bang uh not really so basically if you look at andromeda and if you actually do the calculations of this uh you know uh uh that uh you know uh how what is the speed what is happening there so uh it is not in contradiction andromeda is actually if the it seems it is coming towards uh you know our galaxy is from this kind of a parallax effect and so it is not true it's so far in you know all these evidence that you have seen is following this big bang model okay thank you um for your answers and there is another question um from the uh and his question questions is why are experts so sure that extraterrestrial life exists i i you know i it's not about experts it's about you know just doing back of the envelope calculations so it is if you ask even you know non-experts and you know give them the facts and ask them so you have you know trillions of trillions of stars and they are that and trillions of planets around them so if you do the simple probabilistic calculation and that's where it leads to that does not necessarily mean that we will be correct that could we might you know land up finding new life but you know if you from your simple probabilistic calculation point of view it makes sense to be positive and to be hopeful okay so we are also hopeful okay so thank you and there is another one and this is from people don't you think that there have so much possibility to be hampered by the golden record so what is the golden record so i do you know uh yeah actually actually i'm not sure about golden record because uh i think it will be helpful for us we can come back to that you know okay so yeah deeper deeper you can explain your question and you can give the record okay so if we get to the record then i think it will be possible to give you the answer okay so please uh you can clarify your questions okay so okay uh the another one and this is from ali and her his question is what was the mechanism of creation of first organism on our planet so this is a good question we actually still don't know you know uh still don't know we are trying to find out how it happened you know what conditions led to the development of the first organism uh it is that we don't know we know that it happened about four billion years ago uh you know that's a lot of thing has to come together but with that that thing is still on so that's why it is very important that we you know spend more time trying to understand you know that how the first organism was created on our own planet so there are a lot of theories out there you know if you look uh into that but we still uh uh that is still not a very convincing uh you know proof based theory that will say that this is how the first this is the reason the organism first organism was created okay thank you this is basically the golden record i think okay so this is the this is some information okay so the voyager golden records this is basically up to grab records that were included about both pizzeria spacecraft launched in 1977 the records contain sounds and images connected to portray the diversity of life and culture on earth and are intended for any intelligent extraterrestrial life from who may find them oh yes now now i now i know what you mean okay so i was not making this connection here so i will go back to the original question deeper model had don't you think that they'll have so much possibility to be hampered by the golden record i don't see there is any possibility above hampered by golden record because you know what we are trying to do is through this why we do that with our hope that one day maybe uh voyager will land somewhere we'll reach somewhere and then there's some intelligent life out there they will find it and then when they see these they know okay there is there exists another uh you know planet where maybe there is life so it is the same way that we do you know yeah that uh extraterrestrial there is some uh uh you know program where we send uh you know uh because uh you know we send city search for extra traditional intelligence so we send some you know very precise kind of signals uh which follows some kind of binary code uh so that cannot be generated from a non intelligent life so if you look at natural signals so it is different from natural signals so if someone detects that which has some intelligent life detect that they will know if they're intelligent enough then they will know that it is coming from uh a non-uh natural source so that might intrigue them that's what the city project is all about so similarly i don't see that golden record is going to hamper in uh you know in any way it might aid but again that possibility of that some intelligence life is so nearby uh is is remote okay so thank you thank you for the clarification of the question of deepa mondul and right now there is another uh questions and this is from ali mortoz or he say to why does our planet whole lives is it random selection of the nature again that that actually relates to the other question so it is a combination of a lot of things right so it could be a random selection of the nature or it could be that there is some you know uh you know some events if you try to you know generate life inside your lab then you know that what can you do that all these the different ingredients come together but still life is not not generated so the some precise conditions has to come together with these inanimate objects these atoms then that creates life so what is that process was that natural selection we don't know so that's why we really need to uh you know that quest is on okay so thank you and uh this is saki and his question is uh we know the atmosphere of mars and ours are not the same so whenever it will return with sample then do you think those will give you the same value that would have give in the red planet so that's what we are trying to find out like so that is we are trying to build a brink one of the key mission uh objective or perceiver is the first step to our sample return because lot of experiment that we need to do on mars cannot be done because we cannot really send big uh instruments there right so there is limitation of what we can send but we have much more capabilities here in our lab so what we are planning to do is that we are collecting samples so perseverance over will do that and keep it in uh you know small cylinders uh they are size of a chalk that we write on the board so that kind of 40 of such samples and then in future mission there will be two more missions that will one of the mission will go there collect those samples put it in a kind of basketball size uh in a container and that will be launched in space in mars orbit and then another mission will go there collect you know capture that and bring it back to our to do experiments so we then will know that you know the ingredients could be same but maybe the texture maybe the properties of these uh materials could be different and that's what we are trying to understand whether that environment played a role in you know making those rocks compared to our art so that is uh you know that is one of the experiments that we'll have to do to understand okay so thank you oh and once again and her question the question is how will the market i think this will be martian samples be delivered to earth yeah i already mentioned uh just you know in the previous question i said that there will be we need three missions to do that the perseverance will collect them and the next mission will capture you know collect all of this put it in a container and then we rocket their small rocket that will launch it in martian orbit and it will go around on mars and then that when you know 2030 2031 there will be mission hall commerce sample capture so that will capture that and bring it back to mars so that is the plan as of now okay so this is an interesting question and this is from sakib and he said think there are another civilization and they are more advanced than than us if so they can easily distract or destroy to experiment so their heart will be your solution i i i'm looking towards you to suggest the solution uh because you know first of all we will find another civilization which are close enough maybe there exists we don't know and and if we find them maybe they will find us and then they will come and you know and take over of course those are sounds very interesting and you know kind of science fiction uh but again uh we we we we do not even know whether the another civilization exists and so if there is more intelligent life form exists that is that could be a challenge uh but again uh we'll have to first find them so uh we are welcoming the civilized society okay so okay right now uh this is uh an interesting this is basically a proposal and you are you talked about the collaboration and you say that nasa basically is a place so where we get a lot of people from various parts of the world and this this is uh a question uh from poland and he said that uh what is the best way for us to collaborate with you so how we can make it possible okay this is a lot of programs so go to nasa.gov website and you will find that actually there are a lot of internship programs that's how the collaboration starts right so you should apply for those and then you university of course is very selective process and then you can come and then then you can collaborate so that is again if you develop some cubesat based less so small satellites some instruments nasa actually has programmed to launch them uh other uh you know space agencies also they have programs to launch them so you should look for those and that is the best way to collaborate through you know that go to nasa website see all those opportunities out there and you know apply for them okay so thank you and i think this can be the last one and this is from nasi napros and her question is why scientists said this name as perseverance okay so actually scientists did not set the name what nasa does is a very nice thing that they make an open competition whenever we have a mission like this and we ask school students to come up with a name and not only name then they'll have to write a small essay short essay about you know why they want to name this so this name perseverance was chosen by one of the middle school student from uh from east coast of the united states and she actually wrote a very nice essay and amongst all the names this was selected and it became very apt because of the kovit situation if you think about it because we had to persevere to be successful under all these trying conditions so it turned out in hindsight it was the most you know perfect name uh for uh for this mission okay so uh thank you uh thank you very much so i think uh that was the last question of this section and we hope that infuser nasa will give to us many more new and amazing inventions okay so and uh okay so we can stop now and uh uh and thanks again to gautham chattahoochee for his valuable time and cooperation uh thank you everybody for being with us and next time see you with any other webinar until then stay well okay thank you thank you very much thank you and take care and a best research for you okay thank you okay okay so goodbye everybody bye bye okay bye
2021-07-11