The Fish on My Plate (full documentary) | FRONTLINE
>> Best selling author and lifelong fisherman Paul Greenberg takes us along for an adventurous experiment. >> GREENBERG: What if I ate fish every meal for a year? >> NARRATOR: To explore the connection between the health of our waters... >> Tons of fish in a single pull. >> We need a sustainable replacement for premium species. >> Eco-shrimp raised in a tank in a basement.
>> NARRATOR: ...and our own health. >> GREENBERG: Opening my omega-3 results. The moment of truth. >> NARRATOR: An eye-opening journey from ship to shore. >> We need to transition to a completely different relationship to our seas.
We are really running Iowa pig farms in the ocean. What we're trying to do is learn from those mistakes and really do farming right. >> NARRATOR: "The Fish on My Plate." >> Well, thank you, everyone, for coming. We're honored to have Paul Greenberg in town in all sorts of things, but thank you so much for making the time for us here at the bookstore.
>> GREENBERG: My pleasure. (applause) >> GREENBERG: So I'm working on another book right now, tentatively titled The Omega Principle, and it's a book about omega-3 fatty acids. And so as part of that grand experiment, on September 1, 2015, I had my blood drawn, and then I stopped eating land-food meat.
And for the last year, I've been eating seafood every single day, sometimes for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, and a snack, so it's just been... >> You look great. >> GREENBERG: Well, thank you, I...
(laughter) I feel great. That's what we call in medicine a... So this is a passage from the third chapter of American Catch. "Passing up to a bluff, I looked down on the isolated settlement, and thought that once upon a time, a little 17th-century village called New Amsterdam must have looked quite a bit like this: a modest place, with its face turned toward the sea, where the fisherman and the fishmonger were an integral part of daily life... and where seafood held its own with land food in nearly every regard.
What kind of society might we have formed had we not, as Melville wrote in Moby Dick, "become landsmen, "tied to counters, nailed to benches, clinched to desks"? What if instead we had become what Melville called "a society fixed in ocean reveries?" >> GREENBERG: All right! >> Reel, reel, reel, reel, reel. Okay, he's on there. >> GREENBERG: I've always loved this moment, when the fish reveals itself out of the mystery of the ocean. It feels like you've been given something precious.
>> GREENBERG: I caught a king! After all these years! >> All right, skunk is off the boat. >> GREENBERG: The skunk is off the boat. The triumphant moment. Oh, to be a fish, right? Some of the happiest days of my life have been these little celebrations that come after figuring out where a fish is, how it lives, and how to catch it. And when you eat what you catch, you feel as if you're eating the sea itself.
A fisherman is always on the hunt for the fishiest places, and few are fishier than here, on the coast of Peru. It was the middle of the night, in November-- springtime in the Southern Hemisphere-- when I boarded the Maricielo with Captain Juan Castro. Why is the nighttime better for the fish? >> GREENBERG: Oh, so you're, like, looking for the glitter on the surface of the water. >> GREENBERG: This is what I'd come to see: one of the world's great explosions of life, the opening of the largest fishery in the world. Peruvian anchoveta-- a little fish, for sure.
But some years, Peru's anchovy catch is bigger than all the fish caught in U.S. waters combined, but almost no one eats them. When I was a kid, the most sort of romantic thing in the world for me was going fishing in the early morning. And that moment, just as dawn was starting to break and you felt the excitement of the world coming alive again, that's really the feeling that I had on the boat.
I have never been in a place where I have seen so much life in one place. I am looking out, like, there's one, two, three... I don't know, five dozen seals, sea lions, all schooling up around these anchoveta. You have got huge flocks of birds, terns, gannets, petrels, all kinds of birds diving in, doing their own thing, and then you got this big net just full of anchoveta. I think the last pull, they had ten tons in a single pull. I think they're going to have this bigger one this time.
I mean, all with this incredibly, like, nutritious fish that if people only ate it, could probably be a very good way to use this resource, but unfortunately, like, 99% of it goes into fish meal and fish oil and gets sent to China. This is called a reduction fishery. Altogether, around the world, as much as 25% or more of all fish caught are poured into processing plants to be ground up and boiled down, turned into oil, and dried into fish meal. Years ago they were just used for fertilizer. Then they were fed to pigs and chickens and even your pet cat. But now fish like these Peruvian anchovies are turned into feed for what's called aquaculture-- fish farming.
They're fed to America's favorite fish, Atlantic salmon. >> I think that must have started in the '80s, and then, you know, the big salmon industry in Europe and in North America. Then they brought the salmon down to Chile, and then the whole thing started going up because people loved salmon. And then they realized fish meal was a really good feed for the salmon, and they started using and taking more and more and more of the supply.
And that's when all of the industry went into fish meal producing for feed, for aquaculture. >> GREENBERG: I think of Patricia Majluf as the Anchovy Lady, because at conferences she's always handing out little cans of anchovies. All right, so do we just scoop it up and eat it? >> If you can fit the whole thing... >> GREENBERG: She says we should all be eating more anchovies instead of sending so many off to China or Norway to feed farmed salmon. But the aquaculture industry depends on these little fish. So do you think it's fair to say that there wouldn't even be this global aquaculture industry if it weren't for the Peruvian anchoveta? >> We supply 30% of it, so a very large component of it.
It probably wouldn't be as big as it is. >> GREENBERG: Right. >> Because it's the best food for aquaculture. >> GREENBERG: But Peruvian anchoveta are also supposed to be great food for us.
They're unusually rich in omega-3 fatty acids, and that's what I'm writing my latest book about. So I wanted to see where all those little fish get pulverized, reduced, and eventually poured into a capsule. Dave Matthews, a big Canadian who's built ten of these fish oil refineries around the world, has seen it become a very big business. >> For Peru, it's very big, and for the rest of the world, it's even more important, because 25% to 30% of the anchovy oil, which is high in omega-3 content is really only located in Peru. >> GREENBERG: It's all built on the promise of a magical pill to cure the ailments of middle age, and Big Dave is a big believer.
>> My cholesterol's extremely low-- lower than my wife's, and she eats healthier than I do-- and my blood pressure's extremely low. >> GREENBERG: And it does affect your blood pressure? >> Yeah. >> GREENBERG: Because I have slightly elevated blood pressure. >> Okay, so you need to be two to three grams of omega-3 a day. >> GREENBERG: Okay.
I did the arithmetic on Dave's prescription. That's as many as six giant pills of fish oil I'd have to swallow each and every day. Those are the capsules that up to 20 million Americans take as a supplement. But I'm not a pill-popper, and I wanted to get right to the source. So I came to Pisco to see an anchovy canning factory. This is the essence of what I'm looking for.
But the omega-3s in this oil are active compounds that spoil fast. So they have to get the anchovies in the can quickly. The supplement industry has the same problem. A poorly processed fish oil capsule can rot just like a fish. And a rotten, oxidized capsule does nothing for your health. Which is why I'm staying away from the capsules.
I'd rather get my omega-3s from oily fish. That means, I was told in Peru, four filets a day for my daily dose. >> Yes. (playing traditional music) I can also get it here. This is my kind of fish shack.
That looks good. And there we have it, flounder Milanese. (speaking Spanish) (laughing) (speaking Spanish) >> GREENBERG: Peruvians share my passion for seafood, but they aren't worrying about omega-3s. They're getting theirs from lots of other fishes. And it turns out, they don't care that much about anchoveta. (speaking Spanish) >> GREENBERG: Meanwhile, I can't help but wonder if there'd be more and bigger local fish like these if this so-called reduction fishery wasn't taking so many tons of forage fish out of the food chain all in order to feed farmed fish somewhere far away.
In fact, this particular year, the anchoveta season almost didn't open. Even though this looks like a lot of fish, this is a year of scarcity. It's an El Niño year. The water is warmer, less productive.
And the estimates of available adult fish in the water are way down, well below the five million metric tons needed to open the fishery. If it were up to you, would you have opened the fishery this year? >> Not at all, not at all. The survey that was done to evaluate the population came back with only 3.38 million tons.
And you normally need to have five million tons of adults to be able to fish. And of those 3.38, only two millions were spawning adults. The industry said, "Oh, that's not right. That number must be wrong." >> GREENBERG: So they counted again. >> To count it again, count it again until you find it.
>> GREENBERG: Counting it until you get the number that you want. >> Exactly. And we just got a copy of a report that was sent back kind of informing the ministry what they were going to do for the last count, and they said, "At the request "of the industry, we did this. At the request of the industry, we did that."
>> GREENBERG: The biggest guy in the industry, however, says they didn't put pressure on the government. And what about the sort of accusations that the quota's too high? That you shouldn't have even opened the anchoveta season this year because we're in an El Niño year, that we risk crashing the population like we did in the '70s if we fish? Do you agree with that? >> No. I was in the '70s. What happened in the '70s was during the military government, and they, for economic reasons, they allow us to catch and we overcatch. >> GREENBERG: They let you catch whatever you wanted.
And were you ever, like, "Hey, stop catching so many fish!" I mean, did you ever want to stop in... >> We really didn't know how much fish were in the ocean. This year, they founded 3.28, 200, 3.3, let's say.
>> GREENBERG: 3.3 million metric tons. >> Million. But we were not able to check the whole section of the anchovy habitat. What the minister decided-- it's not the industry, the minister decided-- to check it again.
>> GREENBERG: And you're 100% confident that they have the right... >> Yes. >> GREENBERG: But within weeks, the government agency that surveys the fishery decided to stop the season early, because they were taking too many small juvenile fish. That's why Peru has a reputation as a well-managed fishery. Still, over the years, the biomass has been reduced. And it's nothing like what it was before humans muscled their way into this ecosystem.
It's too easy, though, to say that the fishing industry is bad and the conservationists are good. Everyone's doing a job. Everyone has their point of view. The only point of reference I have is the past. And what the past tells me is that once upon a time, the same kind of fishery existed off California-- Cannery Row in Monterey. And it got hit by an El Niño-like event, and the people kept fishing.
And that fishery crashed in the 1950s and it's never really come back. All the boats, all the factories disappeared. And a lot of them were bought, and shipped here to Peru. I started writing my new book to explore the connection between the health of oceans and our own health-- especially, I have to admit, my health.
The kid who loved to fish is now a middle-aged man. I've got slightly elevated blood pressure, I've got cholesterol issues, I have depression issues, I have sleep issues, and I don't like it. In fact, I hate it. So I started to listen to the soft purr of the omega-3 industry. This is everything they're supposed to fix.
They say it's what makes your joints more youthful, your brain quicker, your heart more resilient. A kind of elixir, if you believe in that sort of thing. But I'm not sure what I believe. So I thought, "What if I did a study of one and ate only fish, "every meal every day, for a year? What would happen?" We're Jewish, right? Somebody was asking me, like, do we believe in Heaven? Not really, right? >> Well, I'm, yeah...
>> GREENBERG: We don't have to go into it. But all I'm saying is, is that this omega thing to me feels a little bit like the promise of the afterlife, like, you won't know it till you're there. >> Yeah.
>> GREENBERG: And we won't know about the omega-3 thing till we're... >> Well, 50% of people don't know they have heart disease until they suddenly die. >> GREENBERG: You want to hear the first line of the book? >> Yeah. >> GREENBERG: Here, I'll tell you. "A little while back, I learned from an..." Sorry, "A little while back, I learned from an eminent cardiologist that half of all patients first report heart disease to their doctors by dropping dead."
>> You're right, yeah. >> GREENBERG: I have no intention of doing that. So I began my year of eating fish.
Sometimes Esther and Luke would join me. But mostly I'd be on my fishy own. Tonight, it's tomato anchovy sauce over pasta. >> Ooh, it's hot. >> GREENBERG: And some little snapper blues Luke and I just caught. There are some of the oiliest fish around, rich in omega-3s.
>> Yeah, it looks really good. I'm really excited about the snappers. >> GREENBERG: Over the weeks and months to come, I'd keep at it every meal. (phone camera clicking) A smoked mackerel on a bagel. Wild sockeye from Alaska. Grilled yellowfin Niçoise.
Teriyaki farmed salmon. A new kind of shrimp, grown indoors in a warehouse upstate. All of them tell a story, where they came from and how they ended up on my plate.
When I was a kid, my parents divorced when I was about three years old and my dad pretty much disappeared from my day-to-day life. I'd see him only on the weekends. For some strange reason, fishing was something that I did to fill that empty space. And I spent a lot of time just disappearing. You know, a day wasn't just a day, a day was an exploration of a river and the fish that were in it. When I got older, you know, you're always, as a fisherman, looking for that next great body of water, and for me, that next great body of water was the sea.
Carl Safina is a friend, a naturalist and a writer. He's also a fisherman. So when did you first...
You know, you grew up fishing... You grew up fishing on Long Island and around here. When did you first notice that there was an overfishing situation? >> When I was studying sea birds in the early '80s, I was in a boat pretty much every day for several months of the year, and I was also doing a lot of fishing, and I could see that pretty much everything was declining. >> GREENBERG: As boys casting our lines, we didn't understand the impact of the great postwar age of industrial fishing, when the world's fleets pushed right up to our coastlines. >> The fish were just progressively fished out and fished out. In the '70s, ships from the USSR, from other European countries, came to our shores.
Whatever we hadn't fished out by then, they fished out, and they did that rapidly. And then we had, we put this law in effect that said, "Okay, no foreigners, we're going to claim it out to 200 miles." >> GREENBERG: And did that fix things? >> Uh, no, we allowed everybody to say, "Hey, those boats, we should have boats like those," and we subsidized the construction of large fishing boats that couldn't exist in a, you know, actual capitalist system because they weren't catching the fish to make those kinds of profits.
But the taxpayer subsidized them. So then they completely, completely demolished the fish. By the 1980s, everything was basically shot. >> GREENBERG: But here's an amazing thing about the ocean: if you leave it alone, stop abusing it, it can heal itself. And pretty quickly, too. >> Compared to most problems, overfishing is quaintly simple.
You just don't kill them faster than they can breed, and they will start to get more of them. It's not complicated. >> GREENBERG: Carl was part of a group who legally defined overfishing and helped get the U.S. Congress to pass the 1996 Sustainable Fisheries Act.
So after hundreds of years, fish by fish, American waters began slowly starting to recover. >> I was shocked that it worked. And we had a massive success on that, and a lot of those fish that were just declining and declining and declining, they stopped declining because the laws changed and the limits changed and a lot of them are now more abundant than they were when I was a kid.
>> GREENBERG: We've defined overfishing, we've identified where it's happening, and we've set a timeline for rebuilding. That seems like a pretty straightforward thing. Why can't they do that in Southeast Asia, where all these fish are coming from? Why can't we just, why can't that just be the default? >> That should be the default, but it can't be the default because most places do not have the rule of law. They can't make rules well. They can't enforce rules. There's a lot of corruption, there's almost no political will.
I mean, I think most of the rest of the world is largely a total mess. >> GREENBERG: In Carl's and my lifetime, the world's industrial fishing fleet has expanded into every corner of the ocean, scouring every current and canyon with sonar and trawl, ships large enough to net a half a million pounds in a day. Over four million vessels, twice as many as necessary, catch the fish that are left. And so much of that fish, caught both legitimately and illegally, ends up on America's shore.
We are the second-largest consumer of seafood in the world. Every year, when the big players descend on the Boston seafood show, they talk a lot about sustainability. But they don't advertise the fact that collectively, the fishing businesses of the world remove 80 to 90 million metric tons of marine wildlife from the sea every year, the equivalent of the human weight of China. And no one is promoting the fact that a piece of fish in an American restaurant travels an average of 5,000 miles before you get to take a bite. Thank you so much. Up to 90% of the fish we eat in this country comes from abroad.
Meanwhile, we send about a third of what we catch to other countries. And then there's just this huge amount of fish where it's pretty hard to figure out just what it is, and where it comes from, like wild salmon labeled... "Product of China"? >> GREENBERG: Oh, it's from the U.S.? >> Yes.
>> GREENBERG: We catch it. >> Yeah, you catch it. >> GREENBERG: And we freeze it? And we send it to China? And then what happens? >> GREENBERG: Back again. >> Yes, back to... >> GREENBERG: So is it... Is it frozen two times? Do you freeze it...
It comes to you frozen, right? > Yes, yes. >> GREENBERG: And then you defrost it. >> Yes. >> GREENBERG: And you cut it up and do everything? >> Yes, yes.
>> GREENBERG: And then you freeze it again, and then you send it back. >> Yes, exactly, correct. >> GREENBERG: Wow.
It's a truly brave new world out there for fish. But the bravest and newest part is right here at the heart of the Boston show: almost half the seafood we consume is now farmed. The taming of dozens of species and making them slave to our desires is transforming the ocean from the place for the last wild food into the farm of the future. I know you're not supposed to tap on the glass, but I kind of want their attention. So this fish, when you think about it, is the perfect shape for aquaculture, right? Because, like, look at all the meat, the meat part is really big, and the head is really small, so that means...
There are smart arguments, though, for why farming a fish like the Australian barramundi could take pressure off the wild stocks. >> It's a beautiful whitefish that kind of fills a real gap in the aquaculture space. >> GREENBERG: Which is what? >> We need a sustainable whitefish replacement for grouper, snapper, sea bass, which are really the premium species that tend to be the most overfished.
The consumers increasingly get it, that aquaculture is a sustainable, fully traceable, and actually very low-carbon way to get your protein. >> GREENBERG: But there's another side in this great race to fill the world's plates with farmed fish. That's where Asian producers are dominating, undercutting the Americans. Hey, how's it going? >> Hey, how are you doing? >> GREENBERG: How is the American catfish farmer doing now versus ten years ago, like, our...
>> Well, there's still a lot of imported product coming in. >> GREENBERG: Yeah. >> And, you know, that's the competition we face.
>> GREENBERG: One way American catfish farmers have tried to fend off the Asian competition is by making a film like this about fish farming conditions in the Mekong delta in Vietnam. >> All this sewage, waste water, and industrial pollutants end up in the nearby catfish ponds. >> GREENBERG: This may be an exercise in advocacy, but I've been to Vietnam and I've seen fish farms like this. Of course, there are some good ones, but the problem with all this fish coming from Asia-- far from our regulators, with almost no testing-- is, it's hard to know what fish is what, and what's in it.
With countries like China and now India farming enormous quantities of shrimp and catfish and tilapia, they're flooding the international market. The best American farmers can do is put on a brave face... >> You know, that's the competition we face. >> GREENBERG: ...and try to grow a better fish. >> We're going to continue to see more species and more opportunities for farmers.
I think aquaculture is, you know, is the agricultural frontier going forward. >> GREENBERG: It seems like a good idea, right? Even Jacques Cousteau said, "We must plant the sea and herd its animals." But it's a very divisive subject, and when you get a bunch of experts around a table, you get as many opinions as you do dinner guests. >> Oh, hi. >> GREENBERG: Come on in, guys.
People like Robin Alden, fishery manager from Maine; fisherman and MacArthur fellow Ted Ames; renowned fishery scientist Daniel Pauly; entrepreneur Elliot Entis; and Michael Rubino, head of the U.S. government's aquaculture office. And my friend Peter Hoffman, a one-time commercial shad fisherman, who volunteered to cook some fish for us. >> ...Undoubtedly a piece of it. >> GREENBERG: The big question I wanted to ask was whether farming fish is not just a solution to feeding more and more people, but will it also help save the wild fisheries? So, chef, what have we got here? >> Okay, so, eco-shrimp from Newburgh, New York. >> Whoa! Raised in a tank in a basement, a wonderfully ecological manner in which they're being raised.
>> GREENBERG: Let's serve this for us. Shrimp are by far the most consumed seafood in America, so finding a healthier way to grow them and challenge the Asian competition, is part of a new inventive industry. >> Quietly in our coastal communities, aquaculture's taking hold. And there is a whole new generation of folks that are going into this. >> It's still a tough business. >> It's a very tough business.
>> GREENBERG: Ted, I remember when I visited you in Stonington last year... Ted, like many other fishermen and ecologists, became strongly opposed to fish farming after seeing early salmon farms along the coast of Maine. >> The tendency of growers was to overstock, overfeed, trash the area they were in. Infestations of sea lice. And they move on.
And then they move on. >> But that was 20 years ago. >> I'm really worried about aquaculture... The aquaculture that is implicit here and feeding a large number of people, because we should not forget that in order to produce salmon, you actually feed them with fish. This industry that transforms fish from a form that people don't like much to a form that people like.
>> GREENBERG: Scientists and fishery managers like Robin Alden think, before we build more fish farms, we first have to rebuild our fisheries. >> It is folly to say, "We have so many people, we have to make "so much more fish any way we can, and let's ignore the environment." Our fundamental job is to figure out how to live here in a way that is sustainable, and if we don't start there, we're not going to feed each other. >> But here's the ultimate question that I'm hearing about. Can't...
Aquaculture isn't the enemy of wild fish. Isn't aquaculture a supplement which can help the wild fish? >> It may or may not be. >> Actually, I think that aquaculture can be an enemy of fisheries.
Aquaculture, to sell its product, had to generate a demand for fish in general. And the Midwest has begun to eat fish in a way that it was not eating, consuming fish before. >> This is bad? >> This... The fish that goes, that is produced by the ocean is finite. That's the point.
And the demand is not. >> So we have to convince them to eat hot dogs, then. Back to hot dogs.
>> GREENBERG: It's an interesting argument, that aquaculture is increasing the appetite for wild fish. >> There is a good argument... >> That's not what I said. >> Well, it complements. >> GREENBERG: And they've done that by selling us more and more farmed fish. >> So if I might interrupt...
>> GREENBERG: And there's no fish that's been sold harder than salmon. >> So this is farm-raised salmon with Caribbean jerk spices on it. >> GREENBERG: Farmed Atlantic salmon has become the poster fish for today's industry. And if you want to understand how that happened, you have to go to the place where it was invented over 40 years ago.
Norway is really the birthplace of modern aquaculture. With more than a thousand farms up and down the coast, it's a huge business. (greeting each other) >> Come on board. >> GREENBERG: Thank you.
Which is why I came here to meet the head of one of the five families that control most of the salmon farming industry in Norway, Per Grieg. How do you say "let's go" in Norwegian? >> La oss gå. >> GREENBERG: La oss gå. The Norwegians see themselves as running the most sophisticated aquaculture business anywhere. They've had a long time to work out the kinks.
>> I've been in this business now for almost 25 years, and I feel pride every day. And one of the reasons is because it utilizes nature in a sustainable manner. And I think it's a way forward for people to recognize really how, what is sustainability? Trying to define that, the industry likes to define that.
Somebody thinks we are not sustainable enough? Of course, yes, that's a discussion. >> GREENBERG: This is where we're headed: one of his fish farms. I'm pretty sure there's something familiar rattling down those pipes: feed pellets made in part from Peruvian anchoveta. The omega-3s from those anchovies are essential for a fish's growth, especially salmon.
Each of these cages will have as many as 150,000 salmon. >> On this side, what do we see here? Two, four... It's ten, ten cages. So we will have around one million fish, 1.2 million fish in these cages.
So that will be close to 30 million U.S. dollars in one farm. >> GREENBERG: And how many of these does Grieg Seafood control? >> We have around 100 licenses. >> GREENBERG: So how much money are you making from salmon every year? >> 500-- 400 U.S. dollars, I think, million U.S. dollars.
>> GREENBERG: 400 million? >> That's the turnover. >> GREENBERG: I eat all kinds of salmon. I eat farmed, I eat wild.
But when I come to Norway, and talking with different sides, you hear this word, a laksekrig, or a salmon war that's going on between the NGOs and the salmon farming community. Is there a salmon war going on? >> No, I don't think so. Of course, there are some issues that we are discussing with NGOs, and the NGOs are, of course-- as they are in most countries-- very vocal, very clever with media. And they also have quite a bit of influence on the politicians and the politics of Norway. >> GREENBERG: Up north, I met a man who's in league with those NGOs.
And he very much thinks there is a salmon war going on. >> This fjord here, you see there's one fish farm there, there's one fish farm there, there's one fish farm there, there's one fish farm there. >> GREENBERG: Kurt Oddekalv is Norway's most famous eco-warrior. He wants to expose what he sees as the dirty side of the business. >> This contains twice as much sewage as the population of Bergen.
(engine revving) >> GREENBERG: At a fish farm, angry workers gunned their engines and tried to block us. So what's going on here? >> This fish farmer is trying to stop us, but he doesn't have any regular laws or anything that he can use, you know? So he's trying to block the way for us. And you know, a fish farm like this has a dropping of 450 kilo each day, the dropping, feed, to the wild fish around, you know? Which is really destroying the environment. >> GREENBERG: This is Kurt's specialty: getting public attention to all those droppings by filming them with his remotely operated submersible. It's a well-funded operation, all to get a video feed from under a working farm to show a captive audience in the ship's theater. >> This is the rock-and-roll showroom.
>> GREENBERG: Whoa. >> This is where we put people and tell them the fish farms... >> GREENBERG: So this is, like, feces theater. >> I go into a fjord, film the (bleep), show the (bleep), and show people what it is like. >> GREENBERG: But this time, with the submersible under the farm, they couldn't get the video feed to work. So we sat in the Feces Theater with Kurt and watched recordings of the poop from other farms.
Kurt's organization claims that there's more poop produced by Norwegian salmon than all of Norway's people, causing algae blooms and dead zones, as well as a long list of chemicals to fight diseases and parasites. >> And when I started, the list was like this. Today the list is like this.
Because the more they try to fight nature, the more nature fights back. And it comes new diseases every year. A whole line of them. >> GREENBERG: In fact, Norway's salmon farmers have been cleaning up their act, choosing better sites and limiting ecological damage. But, like many environmentalists, Kurt just doesn't accept the idea of sea-pens for farmed fish.
The industry, meanwhile, has its own ways of telling its story. >> Going upstream in the Vosso River is no easy task. Facing the toughest conditions and one of Norway's fastest-running bodies of water, only the best and most agile make it all the way.
But, you see... >> GREENBERG: The Vosso is a legendary river with a legendary salmon. Except, in this marketing film, it's a make-believe, computer-bred salmon. >> This is Mowi. >> Luckily, it's only half of my name, so that's good.
>> GREENBERG: Frederik Mowinckel's uncle was an early fish farming pioneer. His company-- and his name-- got swallowed up by an industry giant. >> My uncle would never... He would never have allowed this sort of animal farming. >> GREENBERG: Frederik says he never thought much about his relative or the industry until this farm suddenly appeared off his summer cottage.
We have this expression in the states-- NIMBY, "not in my backyard." People don't want things in their view sheds. Is this just a NIMBY issue? >> I don't think that's very fair. Did that particular farm trigger my deep-rooted interest in getting to the bottom of what is actually going on in the salmon farm? Yes. We have an issue with escaped salmon that mixes with the wild, we have an issue with sea lice, which is also affecting the wild salmon. We have the overall pollution.
Those are the major issues that I have with salmon farming. >> GREENBERG: The Vosso salmon, which for millennia returned to these home waters, was the biggest of all Atlantic salmon. Now, like many other salmon runs in Norway, there are more escaped farmed fish in this river than wild salmon.
And the Vosso salmon is threatened with extinction. >> There is a nursery program. They are trying to bring the salmon back, and that makes this even more ridiculous, because the salmon isn't there anymore. The number of wild salmon has been reduced dramatically over the years, and one of the main reasons is all the disease and sea lice and everything that happens as a result of salmon farming. >> GREENBERG: Sea lice-- I didn't know much about these small marine parasites that attach to juvenile salmon and feed off the gills and through the skin.
So I found Lars Asplin at the Institute of Marine Research. >> Here, you see how it looks like. It's more, like, in a swarm of bees. >> GREENBERG: This is a computer model of how sea lice from a single farm can breed and spread, infecting the wild salmon. Can sea lice actually kill salmon? >> Yes, 100-gram fish, if they have more than ten sea lice, we usually regard it to be lethal.
>> GREENBERG: Lethal? Imagine the same process duplicated on a thousand farms up and down Norway's coast. Meanwhile, the government has looked at plans to expand the industry as much as five times. But they know they have problems. Is the sea lice a real serious problem? >> Yes, it's a problem.
If the number of sea lice in the farmed fish is higher, then you can get the pressure also for the wild salmon. It's the fish farmers, they're responsible to get rid of it and they have used chemicals and that's been a problem. Of course it's not good for the environment, and it's also a problem with resistance. >> GREENBERG: Curiously, these are not even Atlantic salmon in the farm the fisheries director brought us to. They're rainbow trout. It is an unusually fat rainbow trout, fatter than you would see in nature, I believe.
It's a farmed animal. I don't think anyone would ever compare a wild pig with a farmed pig, and, I don't know, if you're going to eat farmed land animals, I don't think you could make too much of a beef about eating farmed ocean animals. If you're going to be a vegetarian, on the other hand, that's another way to go. I mean, I could see a vegetarian criticizing all this, but I can't really see a meat-eater criticizing all this, so... All right, let's return you back to the water. Enjoy your last few days.
I think you've got three days till harvest, so enjoy them, and I'm sorry that it had to end up this way for you. Oh, dear. Oh, there he goes. I fell in love with the ocean because it was the last great wild place where you could find the last wild food.
Is this the shape of the ocean to come? Selectively bred rainbow trout? And invasive species, not even native to Norway, taking up residence here by the millions so that people all over the world can eat the same domesticated thing. And what about the farms you never get to see? What kind of safeguards are they taking in China, in Chile, in Vietnam? And all the other fish we eat that are grown in pens like this? Half the fish on our plates are farmed today. And half the fish I've been eating are farmed.
They're just too hard to avoid. That includes Norwegian farmed salmon, which, for the most part, is pretty good. But I still eat it with regret, because I know we can do better. Sometimes to do better, you have to go beyond the familiar, looking for solutions out on the edge. In my case, all the way way to the top of the world. I first met Steve Damato about eight years ago, and he sort of struck me as this kind of funky hippie food dude, but he's also a businessman.
Everyone talks in the environmental movement about the triple bottom line. In other words, you want to have a business that's economically sustainable, socially sustainable, and environmentally sustainable. If anybody's going to make it with triple bottom line, Steve might be that guy. When you look at what are the big threats to the ocean, what are they? >> People.
>> GREENBERG: People, sure. But I mean... >> It's just, we are so many of us. Salmon farming is not the biggest problem. It's trying to feed all the people that are the problem, and unfortunately, the world community looks at the fish in the oceans and says, "It's mine just as much as it is yours, and I'm going to take it." But what we need to do is figure out how to farm the ocean intelligently and also economically, and it's not...
Salmon is one of the species. And salmon might not be the best species by far. But salmon has become better and better and better and more and more efficient. And so if we can do that to salmon, we can produce plenty of fish in the ocean to feed the nine billion people that are coming. >> GREENBERG: This is the tiny island of Kvarøy, near the Arctic Circle.
Only 70 people live here. This is where Damato believes you can see where salmon farming should be headed. >> The industry was terrible in the beginning. >> GREENBERG: How were they terrible? >> Oh, site locations were based on convenience, not on any science on what it was doing to the environment. Escapes was, you know, not looked at as a big deal. Sea lice were, you know, thought of as a problem that eventually would go away.
And then nobody cared about how much protein they were using to make protein. So those are... you know, it's a brand-new industry. They needed criticism, and the environmental NGOs served a really important purpose by criticizing them, and they responded. >> GREENBERG: And so what makes this farm so special? >> They are innovative.
They recognize they're not going to be the biggest guy in the industry. They don't want to be, but they want to be the most innovative and creative one. And our feed projects are a perfect example of that.
>> GREENBERG: For feed, instead of relying on a reduction fishery, like Peruvian anchoveta, they're using the offcuts from other commercial fisheries. And Alf says they've taken that one step further by stripping away what are called persistent organic pollutants, contaminants that gather in both wild and farmed fish. >> What we have done with our salmon feed is just cleaning all of that out of the feed because... also because we use the trimmings from the production, it's a more fatty part of the fish, of the wild fish, so it includes more PCBs and POBs... >> GREENBERG: Because PCBs, like, stick to fat.
>> Yeah, it sticks to fat. So what we do, we clean it 100% to make sure that we have only all cleaned oil in it, in the feed. >> GREENBERG: So this is a particularly clean...
>> This is very clean. This is probably the cleanest feed you can get for salmon. >> GREENBERG: Well, if it's clean, then I'll take a try. It's kind of like a fishy, um, Dorito. (laughing) I would say.
I can see it now-- Doritos, new salmon feed flavor. (both laughing) That could be a big hit. Oh, what the heck? I'll finish it. Mmm... >> It's good, it's good. >> GREENBERG: Just knock it back with, like, a kelp beer, and I think the whole thing would be a great package.
>> (laughing): Yeah. >> GREENBERG: What are you guys doing that's different from everybody else? >> We don't use any chemicals. We don't use antibiotics. We use a natural colorant, fermented bacteria that we have in our feed called Panaferd to make the salmon red.
And also we have a lower density in our pens. >> GREENBERG: And they're deploying the industry's latest weaponry against the dreaded sea lice. >> We farm our own lumpsucker and using it as a parasite control. >> GREENBERG: I have to say that this is an exceptionally cute fish. Well, go be free and eat some sea lice. >> That is the hiding place for the lumpsuckers, and they will suck onto the fake seaweed, and they will stay inside this hiding, and when the salmon comes in, it will swim into the hiding, and the lumpsucker will come and clean the lice off the salmon.
So even a day after we put out this fake seaweed, the salmon understands the meaning of it and comes in, get cleaned, go out. >> GREENBERG: Sort of like a car going into the car wash. >> Yeah, it's like a car going into the car wash. >> GREENBERG: Now, like some other farms, they're adding omega-3s from algae rather than fish-- all changes that Damato says the rest of the industry can afford to follow.
>> If consumers want it and if consumers demand it, they can do it. You've asked the question, can we scale it up, can we scale it up? Well, we have the third-largest feed manufacturer in aquaculture in the world working with us. That's scalable. And it's not going to be, like, oh, my God, now they're losing money. It's obscene how much money they're making.
I mean, it's a commodity, and they're doubling their money, legally, because there's illegal commodities that don't even make that kind of profit. >> GREENBERG: This is the cutting edge of the industry, constantly making improvements, trying to strike a compromise between the environment and the bottom line. But my environmentalist friends will say you can't get these kinds of changes in places far from here. And there are just too many problems with open-ocean farming. All of which reminds me of that conversation around my dinner table back in New York and a radical solution that came up. >> The safest thing, I've always thought, is to remove this kind of fishery or this kind of aquaculture from the ocean itself.
>> GREENBERG: Elliot Entis thinks all of this farming should become land-based, in tanks, where there's so much more environmental control. >> The point always is, how do you decrease the inputs to increase the output and, specifically, decrease the amount of fish-based or seafood-based inputs? >> GREENBERG: It's been tried for years, but the challenge is to make it economically viable. >> And what I did 25 years ago was wound up with the fact that modern technology, biotechnology, can assist greatly in this process. >> GREENBERG: So his other, more controversial idea, is one he's been working on for a long time-- a genetically modified Atlantic salmon, using the growth gene from a Pacific king salmon.
>> GREENBERG: Can we call a spade a spade here? What are we talking about? >> In what sense? >> GREENBERG: What are you... is this a genetically engineered fish? >> Well, of course there is the genetically... there are more than one. >> GREENBERG: This is what it looks like after 18 months of growth, compared to a conventionally farmed fish. A 6 1/2-pound salmon, compared to one less than three pounds. A fish which has now been approved by the FDA.
>> We got two wonderful things that have happened. Number one is, yes, it does have the fish grow to its full size in about half the time. And number two, in fact, it does eat less to achieve the same weight. In fact, about 25% less.
And it can do that on a diet which is much more enriched with plant protein, as opposed to fish-based protein. I think simply using these kinds of technologies points in a direction. >> GREENBERG: We need much more time to talk about controversial solutions like this. As Elliot says, the Chinese are already developing GMO fish. Show of hands, who here thinks aquaculture is necessary going forward? Okay, but...
We debate, we argue, we disagree. >> Who here believes aquaculture is a necessity... >> GREENBERG: Meanwhile, we keep eating more fish. The U.N. says we just hit an all-time high-- double the amount per person than when I was a kid.
That global consumption means even more overfishing. So how are we going to responsibly get more seafood on our plates? Bren Smith may have part of the answer. He's done it all. As a commercial fisherman, he says, he pillaged the seas. >> I was born and raised in Newfoundland, in the fishery there. And I fished Gloucester, Lynn, Massachusetts; Grand Banks.
And then I was in Alaska for a lot of years. >> GREENBERG: How far out would you go there? >> Well, we'd actually fish illegally in Russian waters. >> GREENBERG: So you're like a former pirate? >> Former pirate, yeah. >> GREENBERG: Turned kelp farmer. >> Yeah, without the gold, yeah. I mean, my general view is, it's great that we are trying to fish better.
But we need to transition to a completely different relationship to our seas. I'll tie up here, I guess. So here is the farm, and the great thing about ocean farming is, there's not that much to see. Unlike the salmon pens, for us it's all underwater and it's really important because it has a low aesthetic impact. >> GREENBERG: Beneath the buoys, on a network of ropes, he grows kelp, mussels, clams, and oysters. The shellfish clean up the ocean by soaking up nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon.
A three-acre farm like this, he says, can be set up for as little as $10,000. >> Industrial aquaculture went exactly the wrong way in its first stages. So just as land-based agriculture was starting to rethink what new models of farming, of distributive networked food production would look like, industrial aquaculture went in and made all the same mistakes. >> GREENBERG: With salmon.
>> With salmon, starting with salmon, starting with high-input species, feeding them wild fish, using antibiotics, fertilizers. I mean, I used to work on the salmon farms, I saw this firsthand. We were really running Iowa pig farms in the ocean.
So what we're trying to do is, learn from those mistakes and really do food right, do farming right. >> GREENBERG: It's December, and today we're seeding his winter crop. >> So this is our kelp seed coming in. >> GREENBERG: This is the new kale, according to Bren. >> It's beautiful, though, isn't it? >> GREENBERG: Yeah, really nice. >> So all that is is, you'll see it just sticks on to string.
I'm just going to wrap... Actually, Paul, you hold this. Let's turn you into a kelp farmer. >> GREENBERG: They wrap the spores around the rope, and by summer it will have formed curtains of kelp. So you're literally just sort of braiding that around this... >> GREENBERG: He turns the kelp into noodles for human consumption, and also believes it could replace corn as animal feed.
>> I mean, there are 10,000 edible plants in the ocean. Kelp is the gateway drug to an entirely new cuisine. We can scale this because there's such... because it's vertical, you can grow incredible amounts of food in small areas-- ten to 30 tons of seaweed, a couple of hundred thousand shellfish per acre if we grow this way. The reason it's replicable and scalable is that it's so cheap, because all it is is a simple rope scaffolding system.
We don't have to fight gravity. So we're able to start these farms up extremely quickly. (seagulls squawking) We draw the line between growing species that we have to feed and species that we don't. >> GREENBERG: So you don't have to feed these things anything.
>> This is what's amazing. We don't... it's no feed, no fertilizer, no fresh water. These are all things that are expensive, going to be increasingly in short supply, so this makes it the most sustainable form of food production on the planet, zero-input foods, and it's going to be the most affordable food on the planet. So we can do this a completely new way. >> GREENBERG: In the future, we're going to turn more to the seas to feed us. There's only so much arable land.
And besides, some people say we've been eating too much land food and it's not good for us. Processed foods, soy, and corn oil-- all of them are high in omega-6s. But humans evolved eating foods rich in omega-3s.
We're way out of balance, which is why I've been on this omega-3 journey to try to understand its mysteries. It brought me to Copenhagen to meet one of the founding fathers of the omega-3 movement. Thank you. >> So a little bit of apple mousse and mustard and cress. >> GREENBERG: And are these oysters from Denmark or...
>> Yeah, yeah. >> GREENBERG: Nice. So we're here to meet with Jorn Dyerberg in Copenhagen. He found that Inuit people living in Greenland had very high levels of omega-3, because they ate a lot of seafood, and they also had very low incidence of cardiac heart disease. So I will eat this particular oyster in honor of Jorn Dyerberg.
>> And here's my diary. The young doctor who went up there for science purposes, but certainly also for the experience of going to Greenland. >> GREENBERG: I have to ask you, is that seal skin? >> That's seal skin I got up there from one of the many seals they shot and ate, and maybe I tasted some of it, I don't know, of this particular seal. But this is a diary from up there with the old photos of their food and their cabins where they lived in.
And I've just found my old tracings of... >> GREENBERG: The hypothesis that Dr. Dyerberg and his supervisor, Dr. Hans Bang, drew from their study of Inuit seal hunters has largely driven the billion-dollar fish oil supplement business.
But here's the problem. Lately, the connection between heart health and omega-3s has been called into question. In the last four years, some very long-term studies on omega-3s have come out, some not so positive...
>> Some not so positive, definitely. There are murky data, and one meta-analysis after the other. But I guess within the next two or three or four years, three major studies, including thousands of patients, giving them either fish oil or placebo on top of their treatment, and they will come out with the results that we have to believe in. And they'll be available in the coming years, but they are not there. >> GREENBERG: There's also a study which suggests that the low incidence of heart disease among the Inuit may have as much to do with their genetic inheritance as with their diet.
Other things that have brought into question omega-3s, there was a study at U.C. Berkeley, where they were looking and suggesting that maybe the Inuit were genetically predisposed... >> Yeah, but that's... yeah, predisposed to enrich their body
with omega-3 fatty acids. But I don't know what should that mean. I mean, if we in our population can show an effect, maybe they're genetically different in that respect, but it doesn't take away the effect that we find in studies in Western Caucasians. >> GREENBERG: After Greenland, Dyerberg did a lot of good work, including a successful campaign against trans fats. But his omega-3 findings leave many questions.
Other researchers have connected omega-3s to brain health, joint health, cancer prevention. But none of the nearly 30,000 studies have revealed anything unequivocal. Back in New York I'm still eating fish every day, but worrying about all the murky data. I'm continuing my sample of one to see if making my blood more omega-3 rich will translate into better health.
Okay, so this is a company called OmegaQuant. They have something called the Omege-3 Index. The omega-3 fatty acid blood test and they claim... well, they say the Omega-3 Index is a measure of the level of the omega-3 fatty acids in red blood cell membranes.
And they claim the risk for sudden cardiac death is reduced by up to 90 percent in individuals with the highest omega-3 index. So we're going to see if I truly have the highest omega-3 index. I need to prick my finger.
Even though I've read the recent studies casting doubt on omega-3s, I want to believe that my blood pressure is dropping, my heart and arteries becoming less inflamed, the synapses of my brain firing ever faster. I think I feel something. I'd just like a tiny bit of evidence.
They will be able to analyze this and see what my Omega-3 Index really is. So we will seal it up and send it to Dr. Bill Harris in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. The more you obsess over your own little life, the more you lose track of the bigger picture of what we've lost. Maybe my search for understanding omega-3 has really been about what we're all missing. Almost nobody in New York knows there was once wild salmon right next door in my home state of Connecticut.
Today when you buy Atlantic salmon there's no chance it's local, or wild. They all come from fish farms thousands of miles away. My home rivers are blocked by over 4,000 dams. This isn't salmon country anymore.
Whenever I can, I return to Alaska. It's where we still try to hold onto the wild and strike a balance between the fates of humans and of fish. Where the story of wild salmon is still written into the land. >> It's a perfect place for watching salmon spawn. >> GREENBERG: In Richard Nelson I feel like I was kind of encountering a spirit from earlier times.
>> What we have here in this pool is a group of chum salmon. They're also called dog salmon in Alaska. The female is unmistakable. She is wearing her prom dress. >> GREENBERG: He is this kind of guy who I think has sort of heard the spirit call of the salmon and is broadcasting what he has experienced. "Heart teaching" as the Buddhists would say.
>> It's an absolute miracle, and it's beautiful. Salmon, of course, have been treated badly in the... on the European side of the Atlantic, on the North American side of the Atlantic. And then on the western Pacific coast down in Washington, Oregon, California.
And British Columbia also. And there's this one sort of splendid, shining example of where salmon are still in their original abundance thronging in every year, and that's Alaska. >> GREENBERG: The idea of protecting wild fish is written into Alaska's constitution. Take care of them, it seems to say, and they'll take care of you.
>> All right. >> All right. >> GREENBERG: But that interdependence between fish and fisherman almost broke apart when farmed salmon suddenly came along. Do you remember when farmed salmon came on the market? >> Uh, yeah. Well, I remember when... when they started to take us down.
By the early 2000s-- I'd say 2002 to '04-- fishermen were reeling. Most fishermen that I knew, that I know, didn't think that the salmon industry could rebound. >> Farmed fish was just so much cheaper and people didn't know the difference. They really didn't care.
>> GREENBERG: But then Alaskans realized they had to make the rest of the country care. They shouted out loud from up north how good their fish was. And instead of sticking them in cans, they made elegant fillets. >> This is the irony of the thing.
People started to eat more salmon. But now people got used to eating salmon and they decided they want wild, so our market started to come back. >> GREENBERG: And here's the other irony: people started eating more wild salmon than the wild could produce.
Alaskans looked at their thousands of miles of salmon streams and thought, "Hmm, I bet we can squeeze more fish out of this." So they made a controversial decision-- they began to grow smolts, like these in a hatchery near Sitka. And those baby salmon, released in streams and inlets, went out to sea just like their wild cousins, and in a few years returned to those same waters in record numbers. So what's your feeling about the hatcheries? >> We're happy to have all the extra fish.
>> GREENBERG: I mean I ask because, you know, when you talk to the farmed salmon people, they're always saying, these Alaska guys are always shouting about farmed salmon, and meanwhile all they're doing is ranching salmon. >> Right. But there's a big difference, yeah. I mean they're released into the salt water and they go... they go wild at that point. They just have an improved early childhood.
Kind of a Head Start program for salmon so to speak. >> They place the salmon here, release them, and they come back to spawn but there's no actual river for them to swim up, so we catch them. >> GREENBERG: Now, as many as one in three salmon come from hatcheries. But most, like these kings, are wild. Altogether, there are five to six billion pounds of all kinds of fish taken from Alaskan waters every year, more than all the fish Americans eat. Yet most of them go off to other countries like Japan and Korea, who'll pay more for fish we don't want to eat.
>> Just our natural... >> GREENBERG: Alaska shows what a well-managed fishery can produce. But also what it takes to protect this resource. Beneath this land are billions in copper and gold, coal and gas. Here are all the documented salmon streams of Alaska. And here, in red, are all the active mining claims in the watersheds of those rivers.
And the threat isn't just from development here in Alaska. Many of the southern river systems originate across this border, in Canada. Heather Hardcastle, who comes from an old fishing family, keeps watch over Canadian proposals for massive gold and copper mines. >> If built as proposed, they'd be some of the largest in North America, if not the world. And tailings dams that have to hold back the waste forever. And so it really is, in our minds, ticking time bombs, and we're sitting ducks.
Downstream there's ticking time bombs upriver that have to hold back that waste in perpetuity. >> GREENBERG: This is Heather Hardcastle's fear-- the Mount Polley Mine dam wasn't even 20 years old when it burst and emptied millions of tons of tailings into Canada's Fraser River watershed in 2014. >> Just over the border in the Taku watershed is the best Coho salmon-rearing habitat in the world.
Uh, and I get emotional, I think, because they're-they're global treasures and very few people know they exist. And so I think now I feel like it's one of my missions to make sure that people know that they're here and we need to decide again, as a society, not just a few companies, not just one government, how do we all want to see this place a long, long time from now. >> GREENBERG: Alaska is a kind of jewel, with all its facets still sparkling. Where 200 million salmon can be caught each and every year, and all the connections are in place from ocean to river to fish to forest, just as they have been for millennia. >> If you treat them correctly, they're going to outlast the oil, they're going to outlast the mines, they're going to outlast everything else, and just keep coming back. We have an amazing abundance of salmon.
A lot of people don't understand. They think, "Well, I shouldn't eat wild fish, I should eat farmed fish." But, in fact, in Alaska, the most responsible thing you can do is eat wild Alaskan salmon. Every time you buy a can of Alaska salmon, you buy a filet, whatever, you're saying, "Yes, I like what you're doing in Alaska, keep doing it." You're getting something fantastic to eat and you're voting yes for something that really matters in our world. >> GREENBERG: I'm still on my health quest.
Back in New York, my first call is to Bill Harris to get the results of that blood sample I sent in about my omega-3 levels. Hello. Hey, Bill. We want to get right to the heart of the matter. Have you looked at my results? >> Didn't you get it? >> GREENBERG: I did get them, but so I've intentionally not looked at them so I would have the moment of surprise. All right, here we go.
Opening my omega-3 results. All right, so here it is, the moment of truth. Dum-dum-dum-dum-dum! Oh, wow, I'm 10.48 percent. >> Yeah, that's pretty good. >> GREENBERG: That's good.
>> We'll call it 10.5. >> GREENBERG: So what does that mean? >> It means you are in pretty rarified territory. The average American is around maybe five percent. The average Japanese, at least a few decades ago, was around nine or ten percent. >> GREENBERG: What does that correlate to in terms of just sort of health? >> Well, I think it's hard to say.
There have been, you know, very few studies in the formal sense done getting people up to that level. Most of the studies have been done with prescription omega-3 and they give one pill. At that level, in about three or four years, giving somebody that much, they aren't seeing an effect of omega-3. >> GREENBERG: If I'm not getting a cardiac benefit from this, or if we haven't... >> You're right, I would not conclude that. I would say that... you're doing this for years,
you are intending doing it for years. I mean, I think this is great, what you're doing. Maybe you should have started it 40 years ago. Better late than never. >> GREENBERG: Wait, so how long do I have to keep doing this to have an effect? >> Nobody really knows. >> GREENBERG: All right, well, Bill, this was really good, very interesting.
>> Wonderful, wonderful. Great to see you again. >> GREENBERG: Nice to see you too and good luck with everything. Keep on indexing. Bye. >> Thank you, take care.
>> GREENBERG: I mean, you know, there is a
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