then next we'll we'll come back to lecture two that has some new additions so let me share screens here um uh can you see the screen now with the uh uh page two yes met321622 okay thank you so as i we have some people coming in from the second university so i will keep admitting those so as i said this lecture is actually in your list is uh the the third week and uh next week we'll switch that around but so today we'll be looking at the thermochemical water splitting to produce the green hydrogen from concentrated solar systems and so as the um we use different colors to distinguish how the chemical hydrogen is produced we use green if it's produced from renewable energy we use gray if it's safe made from fossil fuels if we use steam methane reforming to reform the methane ch4 into hydrogen so as a result we have some carbon dioxide emissions if we capture the carbon dioxide in the carbon capture and storage system we would call that blue hydrogen so as we use these different colors to distinguish the process how it's being produced and so in the green hydrogen from renewable energy the opportunity here is if we could go to a process instead of electrolysis using electricity say from the solar photovoltaic energy or from wind energy electricity we go through a thermochemical reaction uh to produce the water splitting and produce hydrogen and oxygen from water and within that that's our opportunities so if we were looking at the theoretical efficiencies of of different technologies this uh solar power power concept that's like on our textbook we have the opportunities to get quite high efficiencies if we go down to the actual efficiencies of photovoltaic with electrolysis it may be quite low but it's a direct energy conversion less equipment and so we look at the total cost of ownership of the system and so what we want to do is to in this project is do the comparison of the solar thermal to the solar photovoltaic electrolysis and producing the green hydrogen and uh i'm going to push up just a little bit so we there we go so our opportunities are the the pdb electrolysis if we had certain assumptions it could be higher but some of those assumptions aren't realistic you know are impossible to get to so we want to sort of go through the exercise of looking at the options finding out which one and for a specific location in peru um so we have the sun it we concentrate we might be able to achieve a concentration with the power tower to a factor of a thousand times what the sun is so we've used that terminology as a thousand suns so instead of this a parabolic uh trough focusing along along the line like we have on the top kenoi and the in the solar lab we would see something with the potential of going uh thanks yes dr ramos excuse me i think that right now you are using the slide number three or four but we are seeing only slides and number two okay so okay thank you so i'll stop sharing go back out to uh to share again um and with the introduction to the concentrated solar with the efficiencies just yes okay so what we were talking is in the uh the concentrated solar power two-step thermochemical we have efficiencies of 72 this solar pv electrolysis may be higher but some of the assumptions are impossible and so what we're doing is hoping that we can come up with a concentrating solar power it goes through a solar thermal chemical process to produce the green hydrogen uh and what we'd like that be without using a fossil fuel so some of the earlier concepts we'll talk about uh combine that carbon capture so this is a slide where the solar concentrator with a concentrating with a tower we can achieve a a equivalent of a thousand suns focus on an area and uh next time i'm gonna show a movie of sandia national laboratories their experimental uh solar power power what they can go through those experiments one of the concepts is to in the receiver is a circulate of molten salt and the the molten salt can be at a high enough temperature that matches the receiver and if that high temperature then we can go through and have superheated steam go through a thermochemical process and produce the hydrogen but the question is it what efficiency do we have that so this was the company uh heliogen and they have uh this technology and the question is here if we look at the input to the reactor as part of the concentrated solar receiver at the top of the tower we see that it has the water as a feed that then produces the hydrogen and oxygen but we also see that it carries carbon dioxide now the carbon dioxide in these cases may be uh as part of uh the process that we're trying to capture the carb the emissions from something else and using that in a way that we've captured and stored so what we end up having is two of fuels as output hydrogen and carbon monoxide the oxygen is the excess from splitting the water and there's a purge gas because we might want to keep the carbon monoxide from reacting in this combination so this is a concept but maybe that new concept has some also limitations and have some risk so one of the challenges i want for you to consider in this semester project is look at this initial information and begin to go on a particular direction you might toss something out say sorry to do a house of quality check pros and cons and then find out which one you're you're migrating to so here's the heliogen tower it's a smaller almost a demonstration size is that a mine in uh california uh a boron mine and uh this system then is to reach potential on the road map if you will to eventually get the 1500 degrees celsius right now they're at the 1000 degrees celsius that gives us higher conditions than we've had before now if we were to think of it as a heat engine we the the carnal engine the heat engine is we put heat in we get to work out and we have waste heat that we discard and so the we can define the overall efficiency so within the dotted line we have the thermodynamic heat uh thermochemical cycle and we could have uh the hydrogen um being produced and the fuel cell when we use that hydrogen recombines it and produces electricity which is it provides our work so um what this concept of putting the dotted lines and putting the two components together allows us to uh view it what is it up you know what is the top efficiency we can get if it's the heat engine combined together um so the the uh so what they're saying is the chemical species are in a closed loop in this definition of the carnot cycle now our purpose is also uh maybe the fuel cell is on the truck and we're producing hydrogen is that maybe we have another use of the hydrogen so that during the night time we've taken the thermal energy here produced and stored the hydrogen and then we generate hydrogen generate the electricity from using the fuel cell as a uh sort of like a reversible uh battery so we're generating that electricity so in in our applications we want to have two two in uses of the hydrogen want to generate the electricity in night time and two to fuel the trucks with the hydrogen so the maximum heat to work efficiency through the carnot heat engine remember in thermodynamics we break it down into heat engines and heat pumps which way is it the circulating so the work to heat is proportional to the temperature in absolute the temperature difference at the hot side divided by the absolute temperature of the heat so that allows us to do a calculation and maybe this is what we might see is we have a maximum possible efficiency as a function of the temperature if t naught the reference of the cold temperature is fixed and then what's the um sort of the figure of merit if if we're operating with a figure of merit of 65 what would that curve look like in other words if carnot's 100 percent figure of merit what is 65 and that shows us at about a thousand degrees is beginning to level off so we have this opportunity is maybe if we're at 75 figure of merit 75 percent of cardinal efficiency it doesn't level off at a thousand degrees it begins to level off at a higher temperature so those are those opportunities which thermo thermochemical a water splitting process do we go for so that maybe we can if we can't get to the higher temperature we can get the higher efficiency if we had a lower figure of merit we might not get much return and it's pretty well flattened out or maybe actually begin to drop off at a higher temperature because we have more losses so that concept of the heat engine when we combine the fuel cell with the thermochemical reactor together provides us that opportunity let's do it see it in a bit and i don't see it let me know okay so here's one where we use um metal oxides applied to the thermochemical water splitting for hydrogen production using concentrated solar energy and uh it's a fairly recent 2019 and so what this does is it has a tin oxide that goes in as the reactor and so we we we have a chemical loop if we will in that thermochemical reaction so instead of having the electrodes having the catalyst and the anode and the cathode with platinum on it what we're doing is we're putting a a compound a chemical compound into the reactor at the high temperature and it helps that dissociation and from that it allows this combination of the use of the reproduction of the uh power if you will if we store the hydrogen and then here we can go through this is from the paper so we can go through and see the efficiencies of the energy efficiency of that cycle is not at that 80 percent but at a lower value but it's still higher than the than the pure uh pv uh electrolysis process uh unless we take uh a combined effects so um here are some of the other uh reactions of a single stage water decomposition we just put enough heat it dissociates the water into hydrogen and oxygen but the temperature has to be over 2 500 degrees celsius we're nowhere near getting to those temperatures yet we would need probably 10 000 sun concentration to start approaching that as a pathway if our limit the focus is at a thousand suns then probably 1500 celsius is our upper limit so we can't quite get to the single stage decomposition without some other energy input a multi-stage using copper and chlorine through a splitting process allows it lower temperatures so at the 400-500 degrees celsius we could go through that but now that we're 30 years into the development of the concentrated solar powers we can go beyond those cycles maybe until the the heliogen we were peeking out at something like 800 degrees celsius so let's look at what some of those might have been so uh you can see over here if we were up at 1450 celsius we can do a volatile metal oxide and if we have a non-volatile uh the metal oxides we have temperatures that may go from ranges from 1800 celsius down into that 850. so the sulfuric acid is one uh reaction that we could have in the power power so basically what we're doing is looking for chemical reactions that may require two steps that is two sets of equations that occur sequentially now like the electrolysis process the and on the cathode get consumed in terms of their reacting elements the platinum so in these uh sulfuric acid if it's very strong we're going to have reactions with our metal and we have a lifetime limitation so we might have a reaction here but what's its life so when we do the total cost of of ownership if the life is shortened but we get good efficiency that may not solve our problem so one of the concepts was a two steps that go high temperature and use an endothermic metal oxide reduction to release the action lower temperature and exothermic reaction of water with the metal so um endothermic is what again exothermic it releases in endothermic is cooler okay so if it's cooling at the uh at the high temperature then we don't exceed the temperature limits if it's releasing at a dollar temperature we have some margins to to work with so and and so the the the opportunities is to look at a list like this and try to think which one do we want to do we could look at those technologies see what the state of the art is and and choose one or uh compare them so most of the low temperature cycles either employ intermediates to for oxidation that that are complicating the cycle chemistry or use electrolysis to release the hydrogen restore the original oxidation so at this point one approach would be could we have a reversible solid oxide fuel cell that in the reverse reaction is an electrolysis process and the other it becomes the fuel cell so instead of having two devices the reactor and the the fuel cell we have one device that depends on the direction of the uh demand are we needing to store the energy in hydrogen are we using the hydrogen to generate the electricity at nighttime so at that point is the opportunity to say maybe that's our goal we take the chemistry opportunities have been been worked on for 20 or 30 years and then say what we'd really like to do is the oxide being a solid oxide fuel cell but make it work backwards so it's a reversible solid oxide fuel cell when it does in the reverse it's an electrolyzing process which is what we're talking about and so the sulfuric acid is 850 we can go over a thousand now what could it what would be those reactions so the question is what are the opportunities for the thermochemical water splitting for mining what's the big energy hog in the mining operation the open pit mine operation so we you know unlocking the power of the sunlight for the mining industry but what would it be the equipment right so we could have the electric the requirements for the electrical equipment that maybe changes from diesel engine mechanical drive with gearboxes to electrifying that industry using electric motors and then if the motor is on a vehicle that needs to extend its range of the batteries recharge the batteries on board so if we have a fuel cell instead of stationary if we have another fuel cell on the truck the mining truck and we run the batteries and we have charging as it comes up the the out of the pit with trolleys charging overhead cables with high voltage but we still need more power we don't want to have to stop the truck and recharge that would allow the hydrogen that's generated from the the green hydrogen from the uh concentrated solar power system to be filled the hydrogen tank on the truck the fuel cell on board recharges at a constant rate and then the the electric motor pulls the power out of the battery on demand so we're going downhill we can use regenerative braking to recharge the batteries when we're at the bottom and we start up the hill we have one load as we roll around the corner we might have a different load as we go through that dry cycle at the top of the pit then we have to go with we're going to unload the truck into the crushers so we have a different now we're going horizontal we have a different load so the battery and electric motor respond to the demand what speed what grade things like that but the fuel cell operates at a constant sort of like a not a trickle charging but it's charging at a constant rate so we can extend the life of the fuel so it's not having to respond back and forth through temperature and and and uh because there's if the fuel cell is the expensive part that we're trying to extend the life so let's let's go through another one so um so the example here with the photograph was pio rio tinto which is an anglo-australian uh multinational second largest metal and mining company and with the heliogen is exploring deploying their heligen solar power power at the borate mines in california the pictures that you saw earlier and so they're looking at uh controlling four thousand forty thousand uh mirrors to focus on the the tower and capture that energy so we have a major mining company exploring the concentrating and uh and also the potential then if they can do that would be add the next step with with hydrogen now i looked last night and i found out that cummins had received two awards from department of energy uh last cycle funding cycles from an annual cycle and they were for smaller scale or mid-scale solid oxide fuels reversible fuel cells that is the fuel cell in reverse could be generating the hydrogen when you need to and now you compress the hydrogen when you need the electricity you can run it through the fuel cell or you can fuel the tank on the truck and use the fuel cell on board to recharge the battery so um cummins is a diesel engine manufacturer they supply to commercial trucks maybe not at the scale of the of the caterpillar trucks and uh one of our students or two i guess a couple of people at caterpillar but uh wants to show me a picture of where they you know the the hall truck being assembled during the internship so now let's look at the the question then is um dr ramos yes uh i'm going to increase right here so i have more people um question for you do you see the uh group of people in the uh on your screen or do you see a slide okay um johnny do you see the black screen with the boom participants hi john uh i can't hardly see it okay um one stream and what i'm gonna do is rotate the camera okay and that is well they're only seeing the slide but in this picture of me they're seeing the that so the layering it is not available for them but it does allow us at least for here and indirectly from this computer cam this opportunity uh so um dr newey this what we found was that cummins that's an indiana company that has uh leadership uh by purdue alums engineering from the president to vice president and so on and what we would like to to do is give the students this opportunity to evaluate uh from a simplistic approach what is the how do we meet the demand for mining in peru say for the the falcini lithium mine in hard rock and and puno and what that would be is uh what we'll do on next friday is to show some examples of the solar data look at the solar technology the basis of that and come up with basically a rule of thumb and the rule of thumb uh as a prelude what you'll see next time is that if we look at the map of the world of the solar potentials and then the scale it will be it will be a thermal map so you'll see different colors for different values but on the on the bottom scale it'll show the amount of kilowatt hours per square meter per day or a second scale will be the number of megawatt hours per square meter per year and the highest value in the world is in peru so you see a color bar and in the in the light pink is the maximum value if we have a concentration of 1000 sun with the power that translates to 2.7 gigawatts hours gigawatt hours per square meter per year so if we needed 4 000 hours of energies during the night time out of the 8 600 that would say we need 4 000 square meters to produce a theoretical limit of about 2 gigawatts of constant power so what we want to do without getting into all the details of of the tracking system and the location and the time of day and the day of the year is to look at average values and use that as sort of our rule of thumb to begin to make decisions on which what's the potential and then which the efficiency out of that 2.7 gigawatts per uh square meter gigawatt hours per square meter if we had an efficiency maybe it's 2.7 might multiply by 0.7 then that gets 0.7 times the 2.6 gigawatt 2.7 gigawatts so we can do that then we look at what the uh what the demand might be what's the split between hydrogen for electric generation in the night time and what's the split for the hydrogen for recharging uh the batteries on the on the vehicle and we could we could have that sort of parametrically and say okay ten percent for the vehicles and ninety percent for the uh they you know the nighttime electricity all the way to ninety percent uh hydrogen for the truck and ten percent for the local electric grid the microgrid okay so let's do an analogy let's say you have a minivan and it's a all-wheel drive it's not four-wheel drive because it's not fixed it's all-wheel drive and so originally when chrysler had their mini drive a mini event their drive was all the way to 90 percent front wheel and 10 percent real and reversing then they found out that they didn't need to go that wide of a range maybe 65 35 would be a good mix and then in reverse to the other combination for stability for controls turns out the abs braking system interacted with that variable load of the transmission put the brakes on a lot of the braking is in the front wheel and the and the powers on the front wheels so you had this high frequency feedback mechanism so they had to increase the weight of the car to make the abs they took the abs off then they had to put it back in and so it took them at two years to figure that out so if we're operating a mine maybe that demand changes as the demand scales up to the demand for production of lithium maybe initially we have 10 trucks and at full capacity we need 16 trucks running all the time so the demand over the life of the cycle of the mine changes slowly but maybe when we add up five new trucks or six new trucks it's a big change from 10 to 16 it'll be a big change and so we would need to have that design so from from the the teams then this opportunity is sort of carving out what is your niche in the bigger picture you're not don't try to solve the whole thing find out where part what component last semester we tried to do it where by by selection different teams did different things and then merge those together and that's a lot harder to do because you're relying on a lot of other people to give the information and if you're at the end of the chain you have a time crunch at the end of the semester so what we'll try this time is to let you independently in your small groups choose what topic may be of interest to you and what topic you feel comfortable managing working on and then we'll have sort of the mid semester reports coming in to sort of compare what's going on and we have about four weeks into two more weeks of lectures like this on friday then stu is going to give a lecture more from organization leadership and other aspects that we want to get you trained on and that is how do teams develop how do you um resolve conflicts how do you communicate what's your world view of this problem like this the heliogen with the mine in california it's also working with uh rio tinto which is this large mining company well the smaller mining company in peru is working with say caterpillar which has presence all over the world but maybe caterpillar should be talking with cummins maybe one of the things is you reach out you'll watch the movie next week and you'll say okay i need to reach out to sandia national laboratories in albuquerque new mexico and find out what are the what are the plans for the next two years on testing with this research facilities this their solar power research labs we can always look at the reports they've already done but what we don't have is what's planned for the next two years they don't usually publish that okay so that's where the communications is reaching out trying to get information so that's a skill that you need to develop to follow best practice learning how to get people to share information with you without necessarily having to pay them for those services okay can you you know sometimes it's just a communication sometimes it starts with an email and follow up they don't answer the email you make telephone calls they don't answer or they don't give you information they say they're busy or whatever you do another follow email and so you go that it's sort of a campaign it's a campaign to get to the person that gets the information you know one time i remember doing something like this and what i did i'm looking for a summer internship also they wanted to talk with me so i said well what are you doing on this area and then i went to argonne national laboratory for two weeks so they paid me to do that and but i got the information before i went so it was one strategy work it was like a home run i got the summer job for two weeks that i wanted and i got the information so it works sometimes that way i did that once and another facilities and went for the whole summer and i thought i had a job and then there was a change in administration and they basically cut the funding for the whole program so i spent a whole summer working on something that didn't get followed up on it it was on concentrated solar it was a heat engine for 10 kilowatt with a parabolic dish great idea and we had face change thermal storage in the dish at the receiver and there were some problems because it ex the metal expands and contracts it pulls away so it was a really good opportunity but there was a change in policy at the government and the program was cancelled so that's where this communications is sometimes it's timely sometimes it's important so next week there's a conference on hydrogen in the mining industry on the i think sixth seventh and eighth or something like that so there's an online seminar with eight or so talks about it okay so that this is current information i mean it's out there and the question is how do we do that now another thing that i'd like to share with you coming up in in uh next month in october in glasgow scotland we're going to have the so-called cop26 the 26th climate change action committee prior to that there's some leading companies that already made the decision to change the race to zero their race to zero instead of 2050 the industry is saying we need to do it by 2040.
and think about it if you're going to invest a lot of money and you can't commercialize it for another 30 years whoever's the the leadership in that company have long retired and their investment has been showing returns so if they think the risk is pretty low compared to something of risk not doing it they push the due date up earlier so their returns can come in earlier instead of waiting for the government to make a policy so this is one case where the industry begins to take leadership as opposed to waiting for the policy to allow them to to migrate over and so think of this this semester project is working on on a big perspective now i might have mentioned industry 4.0 and we're looking at in our degree program figuring out how to make a learning smart learning factory for meps in the new building so it'd actually be a production operation that you take your classes in the production operation as opposed to the laboratory but the europeans are already working on industry 5.0 in industry 5.0 it want it has the the centric around the individual as opposed to the large industry the factory and two it has energy efficiency as a driver so in europe they're leapfrogging over they haven't gotten to industry 4.0 but they're leapfrogging over and said we need to be at five
we got to start now because some of the things we're going to digitize in for to do that it works best if we also looked at the power structure okay so in indianapolis uh today they announced uh uh thinking of facilities to test large-scale uh electric battery packs for larger vehicles not for the passenger vehicles but for trucks so they're taking obsolete facilities and leapfrogging and over and jumping into test facilities for the next generation so again try to think of this this uh project now you have the collaborators in peru and the peruvians have the collaborators here at purdue in indiana so we have a major presence at caterpillar and that presence has become a little more influential than it was say 10 years ago we have cummins who's become a major player in the hydrogen technology but still has a lot embedded into the combustion they're also looking at that combustion technology and say if we have a solid oxide fuel cell that looks like an engine it's running as hot as the engine did and the all of the metering and and things like that are similar we can take the information we have the knowledge we have the manufacturing technologies and apply it is cross-cutting the technology's cut over from the diesel engine over to the solid oxide fuel cell we still have emissions we have to wait we still have to have life cycle we want it to last a long time compared to the pan fuel cells and we want high efficiencies we want the power we want the torque whatever it's a combination of those so as as you create teams one of the things that stu reminded me to say is read your emails so if you have a purdue email you have to start reading it daily okay because somebody's going to email you might text somebody but sometimes we call somebody or text them but then you have an email why why do we need the emails that the text can't provide i can send you maybe a 10 megabyte file i can send an email invitation to download a two gigabyte file okay so you use all the communications and you start doing that okay obviously with our peruvian partners we need to start reaching out to them we have uh uh enzo for example has been involved with uh more than at least one or two semesters two so for a year he's been working with previous uh classes and groups okay uh hector has done the same dr uh now we ortiz and dr ramos we've known each other a long time so we've worked together so we've built that relationship so one of the things on on three weeks from now stu is going to give a presentation on the friday on this leadership organization and also what are some of the things that we need to look in the future and that is multicultural intercultural so if if i talk with my engineering friends at the caterpillar plant in uh lafayette and i have the hr director living across from me sometimes they talk about it on which side of the is it the north and south no what's the what's the reference to the caterpillar the front or the back okay if we go to wabash national it's the south of the north plant or something okay so you might have a different culture depending on what part of the organization you're in so one of the things we want to do is purdue has developed and it's a required requirement in the uh me 201 class it's a what they call portable intercultural modules and you put it into space so you essentially get credentialized going through this training of that things and so what we're going to do instead of thing is a ethnic cultural or a national culture we can think of it as a corporate culture and generalize that how does what's the culture it comments versus what's the culture of commons 20 years ago what's the culture of caterpillar today versus what it was 20 years ago what is it going to be 20 years from now so in your start of your career you're going to have to be adaptive to those changes in culture just think of what the pandemic has done for us we've learned to use zoom and all these other tools we also miss a lot of things i hate wearing a mask i mean does anybody love wearing a mask i don't i need it you know it's like mitch is cheap so have you ever noticed his cheeks or he has red uh rubbed cheeks on his face so some of it i know i don't know if it's shaving where he does or something but he gets this really bad rash on his cheeks right here wearing a mask but we've learned to to to adapt in some ways so in uh and we're not through it yet right we still have to go forward so on on tuesdays uh dr noe and dr ramos and some other students meet at eight o'clock at night on zoom because that was a time that nobody seemed to have a conflict it wasn't a good time it wasn't the right time but that's the time that we have to work with okay now in their case in peru you know the times you know the for part of the semester where it theirs is seven o'clock and another time it'll be eight o'clock so there they have to have an adaptive class if they meet with us or we have to change so how do we do that i i have a presentation i was supposed to give and and it was at three o'clock in the morning on a friday and i was going for for 40 minutes and i could go to sleep and then do that i'm not going to drive to the campus i'll do it at home and i'll wake everybody in the house up you know there's a lot of things that that made us to rethink about how we to do things so in this class what i want you to do is work in your teams interact we're going to change some of the interact uh videos we're going to mix that up a little bit okay so it'll be more what we think of as professional development in your interact as opposed to just you know getting somebody's opinion they watch a video what do you think of that so we're going to try to make the interact a little bit of a professional development almost like you're credentializing these skills okay doctor uh or almost next week yes um i i have a a new edition of lecture two for friday that uh we'll do my apologies for for not having that saved correctly thank you very much professor yanchez thank you very much thank you very much
2021-09-10