the giza plateau in egypt is one of the world's most well-known historic sites recognizable at a glass to most people on earth but what if the enduring image of the giza plateau we know today its legendary sphinx gazing out from beneath its three mighty pyramids is wrong according to some historical records our modern conception of giza is incomplete missing crucial features present at the time of the ancient egyptians could our modern understanding of the giza plateau and ancient egypt as a whole really be mistaken if features are missing where did they go and what other mysteries of the giza plateau might be waiting to be uncovered before we continue we want to thank expressvpn for sponsoring this video expressvpn provides top-notch encryption that will secure all of your sensitive information from hackers and protect your online privacy we often use public networks while accessing our youtube account but every time we connect to an unsecured network anyone connected to the same network can easily steal your information like financial details account logins etc that's why we always use expressvpn to make sure our data doesn't get compromised when we work from home we're also using them because internet providers can see and track every website you ever visit and sell it to whoever they want all you need is just one click and your privacy is protected so stop letting people keep logs of what you do online and visit expressvpn.com forward slash universe inside you to find out how you can get three months free frederick louis norton was born in 1708 in southern denmark the fourth of five sons of an artillery captain in the danish military at only 14 years old norden entered the danish naval academy where he quickly proved to be something of a prodigy he had an innate gift for drawing and cartography a talent so great that it caught the attention of the danish king himself in short order norton was sent abroad by the king to utilize his unique skills in the netherlands through a study of military installations his drawings proved so valuable that he was instructed to continue to france and italy by 1737 norton's work was so well respected that he was personally chosen by the king for a very special mission he was to join an expedition down through egypt to the mysterious kingdoms of ethiopia and sudan serving as the king's official representative and attempting to forge economic ties the expedition reached egypt in june of 1737 but as it traveled south it quickly fell upon bad luck together with weather and ship problems which prevented the party from traveling further yet the expedition's bad luck turned out to be norton's good fortune the stroke of fate that completed his evolution from prodigy to legend [Music] stuck in egypt and with little else to do norton had the opportunity to construct a comprehensive record of everything he saw the people architecture and monuments around him along with detailed hand-drawn maps few europeans had ever seen egypt like norden had and fewer still had recorded their experience upon his return to europe in 1738. this incredible record was published in what became norden's seminal work voyage de jept nubi while norton himself was elected as a member of the prestigious royal society of london to this day one particular aspect of norton's voyage stands out the way in which he described egypt's giza plateau in his words the principal pyramids are at the east southeast of giza there are four of them they deserve the greatest attention of the curious although we see seven or eight others in the neighborhood they are nothing in comparison to the former the two most northerly pyramids are the greatest and have 500 feet perpendicular height the two others are much less but have some particularities which occasion they're being examined and admired norden directs much of this examination and admiration to the fourth pyramid which he describes in detail the fourth pyramid is a hundred feet lower than the third it is without coding closed and resembles the others but has no temple like the first it has however one particular feature that deserves attention which is that its summit is terminated by a single great stone which seems to have served as a pedestal the fourth pyramid has been made upwards above the middle of a stone blacker than the common granite and harder to work with it is moreover situated out of the line of the others being more to the west it makes a series with the three others wait four great pyramids what was he talking about how could norden with his prodigious and internationally recognized talent have documented four pyramids when everyone familiar with the giza plateau in modern times knows that there are three some modern skeptics of norton's work have provided an answer they assert that he must simply have confused one of giza's smaller satellite pyramids for a fourth great pyramid despite his reputation for incredible precision skeptics believe norden simply made a mistake except in norton's account he specifically describes seven or eight smaller satellite pyramids as distinctive and supplementary nothing in comparison to the four great pyramids further he describes the fourth pyramid as constructed from a stone blacker than the common granite and harder to work with while the satellite pyramids of the giza plateau were constructed of sandstone norden was not unaware of the satellite pyramids he did not appear confused rather he actively documented the satellite pyramids as different from the main four he recorded to suggest norden simply mistook a satellite pyramid for a fourth great pyramid seems lazy at best disingenuous at worst but regardless of the veracity of norton's account there is something else something which modern skeptics seem to ignore evidence of a fourth pyramid on the giza plateau goes beyond just the work of frederick louis norton prior to the 18th century what most european nations knew about egypt was mostly made up of a hodgepodge combination of biblical accounts ancient records and the imagination of historians egypt was little more than a fantasy it had yet to be depicted by someone who had actually been there themselves this is why early european depictions of egypt showed things like the biblical noah in a flood scene with a large pyramid as the backdrop or the biblical joseph standing before the pyramids with bales of wheat but that all started to change at the end of the 17th century it perhaps began in 1674 when the dutch artist and famed traveler cornelius de bruyne set off on the first of two legendary tours he would take in his life for almost 20 years he traveled through the territories of western asia and northeast africa recording in detail his observations on the people plants animals and architecture he came across in 1698 having returned to europe de bruyne published an incredible illustrated book on his journey travels in the principal parts of asia minor the book regarded as one of the most beautiful travel accounts of all time was an immediate hit providing europeans with first-hand information that was far better than anything known at the time within the book one section stood out for its unheard of detail the portion covering de bruyne's travels through egypt while he was not the first european of his time to have visited egypt the few who'd come before him had merely been passing through on their way to the holy land and jerusalem de bruyne was the first to stop and spend time there and record in detail what he saw he was the first to depict the grand gallery and the interior of the pyramids and the first to give an accurate description of the sphinx it should be no surprise that to this day de bruyne's work remains relevant and sought after yet to revisit this work today one might be struck by something most curious look at de bruyne's depiction of the giza plateau that's right like frederick lewis norton cornelius de bruyne showed the giza plateau with four great pyramids not three could both of these celebrated illustrators and historians really have each made such a glaring error on something as straightforward as counting the number of pyramids on the giza plateau maybe there was no error maybe confirmation of this has been hiding in plain sight all along only a few hundred yards to the south of the sphinx lies an enormous ancient wall constructed of giant limestone blocks weighing many tons each standing it over 650 feet long 30 feet high and 30 feet thick it is known as the wall of the crow despite its magnitude the wall of the crow is not usually part of the popular conception of the giza plateau not a tourist hot spot and not depicted on postcards but why not one answer might be that modern archaeologists are baffled by the wall they cannot figure out what it's doing there some have suggested it could have been built to protect the giza plateau from the flood waters of the ancient nile river while others have proposed it was the boundary wall of an ancient city but neither of these theories have explained why the wall does not then extend past the end of the pyramid gallery complex if it were a wall in this sense surely it would encompass the entire settlement some have a different explanation consider that all three of the giza plateau's main pyramids have their own causeway leading to where the nile river once extended the eastern end of the wall of the crow extends to where the nile would have been leading some to suggest it is not a wall at all but a fourth causeway the only problem with this explanation is that causeways lead to places and connect things while the wall of the crow leads to nothing at its western end but desert sand if it was an ancient causeway then why does it lead to nothing maybe the answer is that it didn't always lead to nothing in fact the wall of the crow seems to lead to where norden and de bruyne described the location of the fourth pyramid of giza it makes a series with the three others could the wall of the crow really have been a causeway for the missing fourth pyramid here the question must be asked if there really was a fourth pyramid on the giza plateau what happened to it why is it unlike the other three not standing today some historians have proposed that if there was a fourth pyramid it must have been dismantled in the 1700s and used to build the nearby city of cairo while others assert that its remains may still be buried beneath the desert sands one thing is for sure if a fourth pyramid of giza is concealed under the desert it would not be the only thing hidden there in late 2020 a team of archaeologists began an excavation project at an innocuous desert site near luxor some 300 miles south of cairo what they discovered under the sand shocked them within weeks a series of ancient bricks began to appear in all directions within months archaeologists realized they had discovered the site of a large city in a good condition of preservation with almost complete walls and with rooms filled with tools of daily life what they had discovered was the largest ancient city ever found in egypt long time egyptian minister of antiquities zahi hawas dubbed it the lost golden city and with good reason already extraordinary jewelry and colored pottery have been recovered from the site but researchers believe there is much more to come in their words the mission expects to uncover untouched tombs filled with treasures think about it the largest ancient city ever found and we didn't even know it existed until 2020 in fact this is part of an ongoing theme in recent times in the past archaeologists searching for ancient sites had to work off of ancient texts hand-drawn maps rumors and guesswork often searching for years without ever finding anything of note but over the last 20 years this all changed as satellite technology became more prevalent allowing researchers to survey terrain from thousands of miles away and investigate potential sites without digging in the first decade of the 21st century alone archaeologists using satellite technology located over 3 000 ancient settlements hidden underground in egypt awaiting excavation and exploration simply the rise of satellite imaging and so-called space archeology revealed a stunning truth much of the history of ancient egypt is still buried beneath its desert sands that is to say despite everything we have learned about egypt so far we have barely scratched the surface in 2008 a new era in egyptology began when archaeologists tipped off by satellite imaging uncovered two massive pyramids buried under 25 feet of sand in saqqara barely 15 miles from giza consider that this discovery happened only a few miles from perhaps the greatest and most well-studied archaeological site on earth under barely enough sand to cover a two-story house as one researcher put it the site at saqqara just shows us how easy it is to underestimate both the size and scale of past human settlements so what else might we have underestimated about ancient egypt interestingly almost 200 years before the discovery at saqqara german archaeologist carl richard lepsius reported the remains of a mysterious pyramid in the area yet nobody paid any attention to his claims and his report was dismissed and forgotten but today all across egypt new evidence is emerging that not only confirms forgotten or dismissed centuries-old accounts but that seems to confirm ancient accounts believed for centuries to be little more than myth in the 19th century archaeologists discovered a series of remarkable carvings on the wall of an ancient egyptian temple they told the story of an ancient sea voyage to a mysterious land known as punt for hundreds of years scholars insisted that the story of punt was not meant to be taken literally that desert peoples like the ancient egyptians weren't seafaring that the story like many ancient myths was an allegory not a historical fact that is until an astonishing discovery in 2011. that year archaeologists uncovered the remains of an ancient harbor along a desolate stretch of the red sea coast including the remains of many sea-going ships the discovery caused researchers to conclude that the ancient egyptians must have had considerable sea-going experience more incredibly archaeologists uncovered numerous stones and other materials engraved with extraordinary inscriptions which made specific mention of missions to a land known as punt in other words archaeologists had found concrete evidence of something which to that point had been labeled myth dismissed and written off one might go back further to the work of fifth century bce greek historian herodotus who wrote of a hidden underground labyrinth that he had seen with his own eyes on his travels to egypt the baffling and intricate passages from room to room and from court to court were an endless wonder to me as we passed from a courtyard into rooms from rooms into galleries from galleries into more rooms and then send to yet more courtyards the roof of every chamber courtyard and gallery is like the walls of stone the walls are covered with carved figures and each court is exquisitely built of white marble and surrounded by a colonnade for many centuries the existence of a hidden egyptian labyrinth was thought to be a myth brushed off and dismissed by purportedly serious scholars until in 2008 a study known as the mataja expedition used ground penetrating radar to probe the desert indushur some 50 miles south of cairo and shockingly discovered a huge structure hiding below the sand further exploration revealed the presence of grid-like and ordered structures leading researchers to a mind-blowing conclusion in their words the great lost labyrinth of ancient egypt had been found unfortunately the official results of the mataja expedition have never been released due to national security sanctions on the part of the egyptian authorities and all further exploration of the site has been prohibited to this day the site which researchers believed to be the great lost labyrinth of ancient egypt has never been excavated why if something as amazing as the lost labyrinth has potentially been discovered why would it not be investigated further how could an archaeological site be a threat to national security unless it contains something truly paradigm shifting could it be that what is buried underground in dashore might force us to totally reimagine ancient egyptian and even human history despite centuries of archaeological research the unavoidable fact is that ancient egypt remains as mysterious today as ever the question is what new secrets will be revealed in the coming years and what other long-dismissed myths will be proven true what of the work of 10th century arab historian masudi who wrote of not only an egyptian labyrinth but the unfathomable hall of records which was housed there written accounts of wisdom and requirements in the different arts and sciences were hidden deep that they might remain as records for the benefit of those who could afterwards comprehend them i have seen things that one does not describe for fear of making people doubt one's intelligence but i have still seen them could we be primed to discover an ancient hall of records and if so what kind of secret knowledge might be recorded there and what a fourth century syrian philosopher iamblicus who appeared to record the advanced electrical capabilities of the ancient egyptians writing of his experience in the tunnels under the great pyramid of giza he explained we came to a chamber when we entered it became automatically illuminated by the light from a tube being the height of one man's hand and thin standing vertically in the corner as we approached the tube it shone brighter the slaves were scared and ran away in the direction from which we had come when i touched it it went out we made every effort to get the tube to glow again but it would no longer provide light think about the numerous ancient egyptian carvings and inscriptions discovered in modern times which appear to show light bulbs and other advanced technology might it be possible that we are about to discover hard evidence the ancient egyptians were more technologically advanced than we ever imagined already a scientific study published in the journal of applied physics in 2018 has revealed that the great pyramid of giza could concentrate electromagnetic energy in its internal chambers as well as under its base will new evidence emerge in the coming years that proves once and for all the great pyramid was constructed to funnel electricity through its chambers and out into the world powering an ancient electrical egypt follow this line of thinking back to the missing fourth pyramid of the giza plateau perhaps this missing pyramid is part of a much bigger puzzle remember that frederick louis norton described the fourth pyramid as blacker than the common granite in ancient egypt black granite was used to symbolize regeneration black being the color of the life-giving silt left by the nile and the color of the underworld where the sun regenerated each night black granite was often used to make sarcophagi and other important decorative artifacts and charms so why build an entire pyramid out of it unless that pyramid was of particular importance what regenerative properties could the fourth pyramid have had and why was it purportedly topped by a single great stone which seems to have served as a pedestal what could have been on this pedestal and could it have connected to the mysterious qualities of other giza plateau monuments perhaps in the coming years we will find out perhaps it will change everything if you want to know more about the hidden secrets of the giza plateau about the hall of records and an advanced electrical ancient egypt we've listed a list of our videos on these topics which you can find in the pinned comment and in 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2022-06-08