"Атом для Мира". Как США Установили МИРОВОЙ Ядерный Порядок
that it was in the United States that the first nuclear reactor in history was created that it was the Manhattan Project specialists who first carried out a controlled reaction of the decay of the Uranium 235 nucleus Historical fact It is also a fact that the Pentagon made the creation of nuclear weapons the first direction of using nuclear energy, as well as the fact that the States have the dubious honor of being the only state to use nuclear weapons against the defenseless population of Japanese cities But I am certainly not talking about the moral aspect In the history of the United States, there has never been a single case when I took them into account Once again I will express my personal evaluative opinion A state created and existing literally on the bones of the peoples destroyed and being destroyed by them, I hate deeply and completely sincerely But this is not a reason not to see the successes they have achieved You need to know the enemy by sight and be able to analyze his actions in order to occupy the danger emanating from him as reliably as possible So let's just state that the States were pioneers in nuclear energy Collected by them into an incredible team Scientists from almost all over the world provided this country with scientific priority Carefully robbed post-war Western Europe gave a significant advantage over the Soviet Union, which was getting out of the most terrible war, from an economic point of view The rate of creation of new nuclear warheads in the first post-war years in the United States was much higher than in our country, which was forced to respond to an obvious attempt at unpunished destruction The most democratic democracy understands only one language, characteristic of gangster showdowns Yes, you can probably kill me, but before that I will have time to knock out your eye, twist your jaw to the side, rip out your liver You will risk it Diplomatic delights can please philologists and lawyers, but the essence of such a dialogue does not change from this You can ask Kimchenna It is simply a fact that it does not risk But it does not risk going into a frontal attack But any attempts to weaken the enemy by some other methods are easy It was you and I who shuddered from the economic restrictions against us in 2014 North Korea almost since its formation under them This approach has been used by the West since the appearance on the political map of Soviet Russia Just after the Great October Socialist Revolution, that after the victory with economic pressure on our country there were problems The dollar was not used in the system of the International division of labor with the capitalist world the USSR did not take part Well, and political technologies in the post-war States were not related to the current ones I want to tell you about how this combination of advanced technologies with political technology techniques provided this country with a decade of leadership in the nuclear industry in the Western Hemisphere Despite the fact that England managed to build its first nuclear power plant using its own technologies several years earlier than its overseas cousin Well, the fact that today both the States and Britain have forgotten how to build nuclear power units is a separate big story And yes, I draw your attention to the fact that the events described took place much earlier than the nuclear non-proliferation treaty, which is so familiar in our time, appeared It was opened for signing and ratification only in 1968 The current restrictions on enrichment uranium by isotope for research reactors and power reactors 20% was formulated by the IHT in 1978 Let me remind you that another fundamental international document for today, the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, was approved by the UN General Assembly in 1996 The current generation 3+ power reactors are the result of a huge evolutionary development from the reactors of the fifties It is now that power reactors are required to have multi-echelon active and passive protection systems, a backup power supply system, and so on But in the fifties, no one even thought about this Then it was important to master the very principles of obtaining electrical energy by using the energy of the Uranium nucleus with maximum economic effect Everything else was secondary Hence such a number of reactor projects of various types There was an active search for optimal options according to the same principle: price and quality In general, it was a complete nuclear romance when a research reactor with enrichment of fuel by 235 damage in more than 90 percent was nothing outstanding. And the enrichment of fuel of current submarine reactors at this level is an echo from that time. I allowed myself such a minimal excursion only so that the general situation in the atomic project was clear, which, thanks to the efforts of the Americans, began to rapidly acquire international status. By 1953,
11 industrial reactors were operating in the United States without stopping, producing Plutonium 239. The second gas diffusion plant for enriching uranium to a frequency of uranium 235 in 93% was already under construction . This is what is called the weapons frequency. In 1952, England reached its atomic bomb, thereby increasing the potential of the newly created NATO bloc. At that time, the Soviet Union was rapidly raising its economy, including the top-secret part of it that was responsible for the development and production of atomic and nuclear weapons. It could not be said that the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki brought greater sympathy to America in the world Roosevelt's speech which he delivered on December 8, 1953 at a meeting of the UN General Assembly is called Atoms for Peace for short The speech atom for peace It is often mentioned today But the text in Russian cannot be found I don't know for what reasons, so I'm sorry, but the excerpts will be in my machine translation Someone praises Roosevelt's speech It became the first initiative to create the IMT It gave many countries the opportunity to join the atmukt which was ceasing to be purely military There are other opinions, but let's first quote I feel obliged to speak today in a language that is in some ways new In a language that I, who spent so much of my life in the military profession, would prefer never to use This new language is the language of atomic war The atomic age has advanced at such a pace that every citizen of the world should have some idea of the scale of this development, which is of paramount importance to each of us My account of the atomic danger and power is necessarily couched in terms of the United States because that is the only hard fact I know On July 16, 1945, the United States carried out the world's largest atomic explosion Today in 1945, the United States of America has conducted 42 test explosions Atomic bombs are more than 25 times more powerful than the weapons that began the atomic age While hydrogen weapons are in the range of millions of tons of teratyl equivalent Today, the United States stockpile of atomic weapons, which is of course increasing daily, is many times greater than the combined equivalent of all the bombs and shells fired by every aircraft and every gun in every theater of war during the entire war A single air group, whether on water or land, can now deliver to any achievable target a destructive payload greater in power than all the beans dropped on Britain during the entire war The development of atomic weapons has been such that atomic weapons have virtually achieved conventional status in our armed forces In the United States, the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps are capable of using these weapons for military purposes Long passage could have been shorter We, the United States, have created nuclear weapons and are capable of blowing the hell out of anyone we want That's a normal way to start a speech An inspiring story of atomic danger and power told in terms of the United States I suspect Ruslt would very much like to stop there, but it didn't work out I'll continue But the terrible secret and the terrifying engines of atomic power do not belong to us alone First and foremost, this secret is held by our friends and allies Great Britain and Canada, whose scientific genius made a huge contribution to our original discovery and design of atomic bombs The secret is also known to the Soviet Union The Soviet Union has told us that in recent years it has devoted significant resources to atomic weapons During this period, the Soviet Union has detonated a number of atomic devices, including at least one involving thermonuclear reactions If the United States once had what might be called a monopoly on atomic energy, this the monopoly ceased to exist several years ago. Obviously, the heads of the democrats of those years were annoyed
Well, that's how it turned out. Let's continue. Although our earlier start allowed us to accumulate what is today a large quantitative advantage, today's nuclear realities encompass two facts of even greater significance. First, the knowledge that several countries now possess will ultimately be shared by others, perhaps by all others. Second, even a huge superiority in the number of weapons and the resulting ability to retaliate devastatingly do not in themselves prevent the horrific material damage and human lives that would be inflicted by sudden aggression. For me to say that the defense capability of the United States
is such that they can inflict terrible losses on an aggressor. For me to say that the United States' retaliatory capabilities are so great that the land of such an aggressor would be outgunned. All this, although a fact, is not a true expression of the goals and hopes of the United States. I really want to scare everyone once again. But it seems that by this time the States already knew what an R2 ballistic missile was and that Korolev's group did not even think of stopping at the results achieved. Atlantic the ocean has ceased to be an insurmountable obstacle and will therefore continue to quote Roosevelt To stop there would be to confirm the hopeless finality of the belief that two atomic colossi are doomed to glare at each other endlessly across a trembling world My country wants to be constructive, not destructive It wants agreements, not wars between countries It wants to live in freedom and in the confidence that the peoples of every other country have an equal right to choose their own way of life You see what a beautiful thing I have on and [ __ ] You see So don't pay attention to my wolfish ascal Let no one say that we are avoiding the negotiating table We have never proposed and will not propose that the Soviet Union give up what is rightfully its We will never say that the peoples of the USSR are enemies with whom we do not want to deal or communicate in friendly and fruitful relations Beautiful, true We change the words Soviet Union to the words of the Russian Federation and get a text that, with a pure union, can be given to Donald Trump to voice We continue The United States, listening to the proposal of the General Assembly The United Nations stands ready to meet immediately with other nations that may be involved in order to find an acceptable solution to the nuclear arms race that is eclipsing not only peace but life itself throughout the world We will bring a new concept to these negotiations The United States will seek more than the simple reduction or elimination of nuclear materials for military purposes It is not enough to take these weapons out of the hands of soldiers They must be placed in the hands of those who will know how to strip them of their military shell and adapt them to the art of peace The United States knows that if the frightening trend toward the buildup of nuclear military power can be reversed, then this greatest of destructive forces can be turned into a great good for the benefit of all mankind The United States knows that peaceful nuclear energy is not a dream of the future A proven opportunity exists today It is also beautiful It is a pity that it is a lie since the construction of the first American nuclear power plant Shippingport began in September of the following year 1954 and it was not put into operation until 1958 Somehow it does not really look like a proven opportunity today Roosevelt, I repeat, made his speech in December of fifty-three to hasten the day when the fear of the atom will begin to disappear from the minds of men and governments of the East and West there are certain steps that can be taken now. Therefore I make the following proposal. The governments of the countries
involved in this process, to the extent that elementary prudence permits, should begin now and continue to make joint contributions from their stocks of conventional uranium and fissile materials to an international atomic energy agency. We expect that such an agency will be created under the auspices of the United Nations. The atomic energy agency could be made responsible for the removal, storage and protection of the fissile and other materials provided. The ingenuity of our scientists will provide special safe conditions under which such a bank of fissile materials could be essentially protected from sudden capture This is a call for the creation of a new UN body which in 1958 was called the IMF This is a call for the creation of an International Fissile Materials Bank which Rosolt proposed to place on US territory The ingenuity of our scientists and not some others I quote: "The experts of the future agency will be mobilized to apply atomic energy to the needs of agriculture, medicine and other measured activities A special purpose will be to provide abundant electricity in energy-deficient areas of the world The contributing powers will thus devote part of their strength to serving the needs and not the fears of mankind The United States will be more than willing They will be proud to engage, together with other principally involved, in developing plans by which such peaceful uses of atomic energy will be accelerated Among the principally involved must of course be the Soviet Union Translated from American I know for sure that the States are ahead of the Soviet Union in the rate of increase in the volume of enriched to weapons level uranium and weapons-grade Plutonium Therefore, I propose dumping the same amount of such materials in a certain storage facility on my territory as we do Look at this, demagogy will be able to break the USSR with its plans to produce nuclear warheads Well, suddenly they will fall for it And in the last part of this speech, even more beautiful words Against the dark background of the atomic bomb, the United States does not just want to demonstrate strength but also a desire and hope for peace By making these fateful decisions, the United States swears before you And therefore before the whole world in its determination to help solve the terrible atomic dilemma to devote all its heart and mind to finding a way by which the wonderful ingenuity of man will not be devoted to his death but will be devoted to his life There is no need to even comment here About the incredible desire of the States to solve terrible dilemmas peacefully in our time, even a kid knows For those especially curious, there is a list of wars unleashed by this country on the Internet But if you remove the outright propaganda, then the content of Rozdat's speech comes down to just several points Creation of a commission under the auspices of the UN that will seize, store and protect fissile materials Moreover, this will be done directly on the territory of the States It was proposed to seize these materials from the military reserves of those countries that actually had them at that time - the United States of England and the Soviet Union But to solve the terrible atomic dilemma, according to Rusolt's plan, American specialists had to directly devote their hearts and minds The initiative proposed by Rusolt to remove the state only partially Negotiations with the Soviet Union at the UN level led to the creation of the MGAT, but with the transfer of Soviet fissile materials to this new organization, things did not work out, the USSR did not fall for this naive divorce And that's it MGAT, by the way, was created specifically for the dissemination of peaceful nuclear technologies, which it did quite successfully This was already after the signing and ratification of the Non-Proliferation Treaty, the agency's functionality became much broader The Soviet Union at that time was under-distributing fissile materials The era of gas sandrefok had not yet arrived Enrichment uranium was produced at diffusion plants The park of industrial reactors for producing Plutonium had not yet caught up with the Americans, but the States of the fifties were definitely not considered They knew how to build multi-move games, and very long-term ones At the same time, certain processes were taking place inside this country The Manhattan Project was completed A number of scientists who took part in it not only left it, but also made rather strict demands to stop the nuclear arms race The logic of these scientists was mathematically verified Nazi Europe and militaristic Japan were defeated Why Why then continue producing nuclear warheads Who do they intend to fight with, and even with such an inhuman weapon With such a mood you can't sell an elephant - thought the relevant leaders of the atomic USA will leave the specialists of the USSR can really guess and overtake and arrest even more powerful nuclear warheads Here, of course, it would be worth telling a dozen more spy stories about how the participants of the Manhattan Project found an opportunity to voluntarily transfer nuclear secrets to Soviet intelligence officers But then the transfer would have lasted for several hours Roosevelt proclaimed a kind of peaceful nuclear race in December of the fifty-third year, and already in 1954 the Atomic Energy Act appeared This is the Energy Act of 1954 Such a coincidence of dates could not be accidental by definition it is much more logical to consider that both Roosevelt's speech and the development of the new law are parts of a single whole The main provisions of this law: the participation of private companies in the development of nuclear energy was allowed, including the construction and operation of nuclear reactors for the commercial production of electricity The powers of the Atomic Energy Commission in regulating both military and civilian nuclear programs were expanded The Commission received the authority to license private nuclear facilities This is the form of state control over the peaceful part of the atomic project and is currently in effect in all countries But at that time it was a really serious step forward But the most interesting thing is Article 123 of this law It is also in agreement 1 2 3 entitled as cooperation with other countries I will note that it is quite traditionally impossible to find the full text of this agreement in Russian in open sources, although the reason for this is I personally cannot understand the strange pseudo-secrecy The text is long, seven pages, in a scrawl, since many changes and additions have been made to it over the past years So I will try to only cover the most important The document has a cheerful beginning No cooperation with any country, group of countries, or regional defense organization should be carried out until the colon I am translating from American If your country is interested in cooperation with the United States in the field of peaceful nuclear energy, please subordinate all the laws of your country to the requirements of a specific article of the American law It is already funny, and therefore it is completely unpleasant and even disgusting that in 1994 Russia also agreed to these requirements This type of cooperation was terminated unilaterally in 2014 Moreover, this was not connected with the Crimean events, but with the fact that in 2013 the term of the agreement between Gore Chernomyrdin expired It is also the megaton contract into megawatts It is also the highly enriched uranium contract into low enriched uranium Rosatom received the last tranche under this agreement The time has come end of agreement 1 2three Why is it unpleasant that such a fact took place to be in the biography of modern Russia I will quote immediately, apologizing for the length Here is point B Agreement 1 2 3 Guarantee of cooperation of the cooperating country that adequate physical security will be maintained with respect to any nuclear material transferred pursuant to this agreement and with respect to any special nuclear material used in or produced using any material of the production facility or use facility transferred pursuant to this agreement any production facility or use facility transferred pursuant to the cooperation agreement or any special nuclear material produced using any such facility or through the use of any material transferred pursuant to the agreement will not be transferred to unauthorized persons or outside the jurisdiction or control of the cooperating country without the consent of the United States Translated into human with your permission Under the contract of Gore Chernom, for example, combined uranium from European countries was supplied to Russia, which was required for the production of low-enriched uranium And according to this point B agreement 1 2T Rosatom was obliged to provide the States with information about all of its enterprises involved in the production chain. We definitely needed such happiness.
On the one hand, yes, since Russia earned a total of about 17 billion dollars on the UN contract and also pretty much cleaned out the European reserves of the United Uranium, including the reserves of France. Let me remind you of the countries that have the technology to produce moxtoprov. But on the other hand, the top-secret facilities built by the Ministry of Medium Machine Building ceased to be both top-secret and simply secret. But if for us the unpleasant moment of the 1 2 3 agreement was the only one, then for the countries that decided to partake in nuclear technologies with the help of the USA, that's all. just beginning Point eight agreement 1 2 3 And don't ask why some of its points have a letter designation and some have a digital one I'm talking about this I quote: "The Cooperating Country's guarantee that no material transferred in accordance with the agreement and no material used in or produced using any material of the production facility or use facility transferred in accordance with the agreement will be reprocessed, enriched, or otherwise changed in form or content without the prior approval of the United States" translated into human language So you received a research reactor and fuel for it from the United States This reactor has been put into operation Let's assume that the direction of your scientific research is the creation of isotopes necessary for nuclear medicine This is the processing of fuel received from the United States Reprocessing And so, please report on all your experiments and the results obtained And don't even try to drag in some kind of copyright for an invention to create something completely new Bow down, bend over and seek that very prior approval of the United States It's convenient for the States, yes, since already without investing anything, they guarantee themselves access to any developments of any state that decides to cooperate with this country. But that's not all, since the text contains the words: "No material transferred in accordance with the agreement will be enriched." Even if your country has agreed with the States on the supply of yellowcake, that is, natural uranium ore, then under this clause you have no right to enrich it. Moreover, regardless of what percentage of uranium your country has decided
to aim for. Signed the agreement. That's all you signed up to receive enriched uranium product in the form of nuclear fuel only and exclusively from the States. A little later, clause 1 was supplemented by a requirement not to engage in the processing of irradiated nuclear fuel. It is supposed to be transferred to companies and organizations in agreement with the American. On the one hand, this is really a concern for compliance with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, since theoretically irradiated nuclear fuel can become a source for obtaining Plutonium. On this occasion, by the way, the friction between Rosatom and Magat has not been completely resolved. In Magat. there is an opinion that the production technologies of MOX and SNUF fuel
allow extracting plutonium, which allegedly can be used to produce nuclear warheads. On the side of Magates there is a vague suspicion in the style of as if it had not happened yet, and on the side of Rosatom there is physics. In the enveloping nuclear fuel of power reactors, three are formed in equal proportions at once. And then for plutonium 239, 240 and 241. They are physically impossible to separate from each other. And the flooding with the accounting number of both Uranium and Plutonium guarantees an embargo on any interest on the part of the military. Today, without
details, just as a fact. The presence of Plutonium 240 is the unpredictable behavior of a warhead. It may simply not respond to the signal about the detonation, it can detonate whenever it wants, it can reduce its power several times. In general, we do not need such hockey. Sorry, I got distracted. Point eight of the Agreement 1 2 3 is a sentence to receive nuclear fuel only from American companies. And as for the irradiated fuel, from the middle seventies , this is already a problem for the country in which the nuclear power plant is operated on this fuel. It was in the seventies that a law was passed in the United States that equated irradiated nuclear fuel with highly radioactive waste, which had two consequences. American companies simply no longer develop
technologies for processing irradiated nuclear fuel. In this country, it is subject only to geological storage. Utilitarian. Why invest in the development of complex technologies if the law does not give you the right to use these technologies at all. The second consequence. Any American
company has no way to take back the irradiated fuel obtained from its fuel, since, like any other country, the United States has a strict ban on the transport of radioactive waste. Nowadays, only two countries have technologies for processing irradiated nuclear fuel: Russia and France. In the United States and England, all processing plants are closed. Therefore, any country that agrees to supply American nuclear fuel has two options. The first is obvious - efforts are being made to build a geological repository for irradiated nuclear fuel, which will have to be stored for about 300,000 years. This is the half-life of radioactive substances formed during the time that nuclear fuel is in the reactor core. The second option
is to somehow agree with France that it will accept foreign irradiated nuclear fuel for reprocessing. The difficulties are obvious. Reprocessing plants in France have a finite production capacity. Irradiated fuel formed at 58 nuclear power units in France itself is accepted for reprocessing out of turn. This is what the current consequences of the atomic energy law adopted, I repeat, back in 1954 look like. An unusually long-lasting document turned out to be. Here is point nine. All the same agreement 1 2 3. Guarantee by the cooperating country that no fissile material transferred in accordance with the agreement or extracted from any source or special nuclear material transferred in this way or from any source or special nuclear material will be used in any production facility.
facility or installation using the transferred in accordance with the cooperation agreement will not be stored in any facility that has not been pre-approved by the United States Translated: "Before receiving a reactor or fuel for it from the United States, prepare for inspection all storage locations all locations where work will be carried out And of course, be prepared for the fact that the States will also inspect all of this" Defines the 1DTR agreement and the procedure for interacting with the United States if you intend to receive a research reactor and fuel for it from them First, a request for the right to sign this agreement, then an inspection by American specialists so that they can make sure of everything they can think of Evaluation of the reactor location and fuel storage Evaluation complies with the requirements of the Non-Proliferation Treaty An additional clause after ratification of the Non-Proliferation Treaty itself your agreements with any other countries on cooperation in the nuclear industry and right down to the personal files of future employees in order to identify among them agents of the terrible and horrible KGB In short, turn all the secret secrets inside out and reveal Secret secrets are the direction of the research you have conceived, the results of which you have already discovered in advance are obliged to disclose to the Americans and be prepared that they will simply forbid you to do some of your scientific work Since why do you even need potential competition After this law was passed, Rusolt's initiative took on a finished form The States were indeed preparing to spread nuclear technology to countries that did not seek to develop their own nuclear weapons at their own expense But the reservations and restrictions contained in agreement 1 2 3 show that the real desire was somewhat different The States intended to expand the sphere of their technological influence The second goal was to get ahead of their only real competitor at that time, the Soviet Union The financial capabilities of the States at that time were simply excellent Thanks to the Marshall Plan, all of Western Europe supplied the United States with money Partial success accompanied the States even in Eastern Europe Among the countries that risked signing agreement 1 2 3 was Romania At that time, I remind you, the Socialist Republic of Romania, which at the time of signing was a member of both the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the Warsaw Pact One of the first changes to the text of agreement 1 2 3 were the provisions included in the so-called golden age standard The signatory countries voluntarily renounce the development of uranium enrichment technologies for Uranium 235 and agree to transfer the irradiated fuel only to those companies that will be specified by the states without the right to develop technologies for processing the irradiated fuel agree to constant inspections by the United States of all their nuclear facilities from storage sites for the distribution of materials to scientific laboratories inclusive In recent years, the requirements of American inspections have become a thing of the past In their place comes the MGT guarantee This idiom of the MGT guarantee is heard almost every day And we do not even realize that this is a legal term The MGT guarantee is an inspection system and checks of the use of nuclear materials for testing purposes within the framework of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons controlled by the agency The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons itself has a fundamental principle States possessing nuclear weapons are responsible for disarmament work, and states that do not possess nuclear weapons must obey the IAGT safeguards There is exactly one method for implementing these guarantees - regular inspections by the IAGT in all countries that do not possess nuclear weapons, collection and analysis of the information obtained in this way The goal is one: confidence that fissile materials are used only for peaceful purposes, that is, for generating electricity and producing isotopes necessary for industry, agriculture and medicine Here are our enrichment capacities You can see that we do not rise above 20% for uranium 235 Here is a storage facility for processed nuclear fuel You can see that we do not pick out Pluto 239 from it with tweezers Here are the Ostvensk reactors and our accelerators Here, too, there are no attempts to produce weapons frequencies Uranium and Pluto 239 The idea in general understandable but as they say there is a nuance A state agreeing to follow the ICT safeguards itself determines all the facilities where the ICT inspectors will work is clearly a weak point but in a more rigid form no state wanted to sign under the safeguards rightly believing that the freedom to examine the entire territory of the country in search of undeclared nuclear facilities is completely humiliating or in legal language violates the sovereignty and independence of the state The contradiction is quite obvious ICT makes every effort to ensure that all provisions of the non-proliferation treaty are fulfilled by all states to the last comma And the state developing nuclear technologies wants independence and autonomy A compromise was found with the help of technical means The equipment with which the ICT inspectors are equipped allows them to successfully detect even minimal concentrations of not only Plutonium isotopes but also of uranium isotopes with a concentration exceeding the threshold of 19.75% for the content of Uranium 235 Magat I remind you this is a division of the UN And it is in the UN that reports on hazardous incidents and are sent so that the Security Council and then the General Assembly can intervene in the matter. This is where I will stop today, although the motives for which countries refuse not only the IAG guarantee but also the signing of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and even completely withdraw from the IAG. Interesting and diverse. This concerns not only the Islamic Republic of Iran but also India,
Pakistan, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Israel, South Africa, the USA and even Russia. But this topic pertains to energy, so to speak, insofar as. If, nevertheless, it seems interesting, write in the comments. I will definitely read it. The IAG guarantee mechanism is much fairer
in relation to all countries and newcomers to the nuclear industry. But the IAG guarantees in no way cancel the effect of the DT agreement. They have coexisted all these years. To date, about 50 states have signed the 1-2-3 agreement voluntarily from the song. And those who withdrew from this agreement and do not intend to return will not have to be counted for a long time. Russia and Iran. Why do countries even go to sign 1-2-3 agreements. No, with such a nothing but two things: pragmatism and consent to
the dominant role of the states. It's convenient, you put your signature in parliament through the rotation, pushed it through, and here's the technology, here's help with training specialists. Well, it's true that these are also needed, well, these, what are they called, and money. But that's later, since help was provided with loans, cheap and long-term. Another reason for signing agreements 1 2three notorious special friendly relations with the United States, translated from American, in the event of significant dependence on this glorious state.
A classic example of recent times is the situation that has developed in Saudi Arabia. Back in the early 1910s, the Saudis invited Chinese geologists to visit them. Here's some money for you. Look for at least something other than oil here. The Chinese looked and found a pretty decent deposit of uranium ore. It would seem that there is an excellent base for developing our own nuclear energy. Especially since this is also an element of prestige in the Muslim world. In Pakistan, nuclear power plants are in this time already worked hard Rusadam just led the construction of the nuclear power plant in Bushehr In the United Arab Emirates, the South Koreans led the construction of the Barakah nuclear power plant But Saudi Arabia has a special relationship with the United States And what special ones That's why we want technology from an overseas ally But the signing of the agreement 1 2three is an immediate cross on uranium enrichment technologies This is a mandatory search for enrichment contracts either with the European company Yurenko or with the French And then there is the headache of reprocessing or storing peeled nuclear fuel This is the society of Saudi Arabia for 10 years in one place They still have n't worked out the terms of the tender for the construction of the nuclear power plant It's fun and not boring Meanwhile, Rossa Atom is in the final stages of the nuclear power plant in Turkey in full swing The construction of the LDBA nuclear power plant in Egypt is underway The expansion of the Bushehr nuclear power plant in Iran continues The nuclear power plant in Bangladesh will soon reach the minimum control level So let's call things by their proper names call the Agreement 1 2 three which, if you believe its developers, was supposed to accelerate the development of nuclear technologies around the world at the beginning of this century turned into an outright brake in a weight on the legs But let's go back to the fifties As you can see, the situation developing in the world nuclear project in those years still significantly affects its development Let's record another remarkable fact, let's not be shy Here, there were no agreements 1 2 three in the Soviet Union But what did this change in relations with the countries of people's democracy They are also member countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance They are now fundamentally independent countries of Eastern Europe They are now all part of the European Union and NATO And we see with some surprise and great relief that this has not affected the NATO industry in any way The USSR did not even think of transferring to these wonderful wonderful allies either the technology of producing weapons-grade plutonium or enriching uranium or processing nuclear fuel As they say on big TV by chance I personally do not think so I have the right to It seems that in those distant years when there was socialist camp when we were trying our best to be friends with the Eastern European nations specifically in the Ministry of Medium Machine Building they believed in this friendship approximately not at all Nuclear power plant in the GDR in Czechoslovakia in Hungary in Bulgaria Yes they built A research reactor even appeared in Poland But with the transfer of sensitive technologies Tebrica shook Conclusions can of course be made which ones you like more but I just reminded you of a fact that is rarely talked about So by the mid-fifties the States had two instruments in service that were supposed to guarantee them an expansion of the sphere of technological influence in the nuclear industry a monopoly on uranium enrichment for our science and energy and access to any future foreign research and discoveries This is the same Roosevelt's "Atom" program In the name of peace and agreement 1 2 3 In addition, negotiations were started on the creation of the MGAT in which the States hoped to get a leading role With the latter it did not work out very well I suspect that for the reason that the Soviet MIDM at that time was firmly led by Vyacheslav Molotov For start of a double combination, that is, the deployment of a company to sign cooperation under the Roosevelt program and to comply with the requirements of the agreement 1 2 3 was already lacking only technical capabilities The Atomic Energy Act secured the private ownership of future American nuclear power plants All stations that have ever been built on the territory of this country belong exclusively to private energy companies The US government does not have and never had a single share in any project Therefore, in order for nuclear power units using American technology to begin to march across the planet, time was required Private owners had to develop commercially profitable projects for nuclear power units State support for these private owners took place There were very few such companies Nuclear energy is not a buy-and-sell business It requires a serious scientific, technological, design, engineering base and solid financial capabilities Such a heavyweight business, frankly speaking, is extremely difficult But delay at the start carried the risk that the Soviet Union could break out into the leading position In the conditions of the Cold War, which was in its hot phase at that time This was unacceptable And then, like a jack-in-the-box, Edward Teller burst into all these projects A true legend of the US military atomic project Austro-Hungarian by citizenship, born into a Jewish family He received his physics education in Germany He wrote his dissertation under the supervision of Nobel laureate Werner Heisenberg In 1933, the International Rescue Committee helped him get out of Germany to England But already in 1935, he took the position of head of the physics department at George Washington University Teller received US citizenship in 1941 in the Manhattan Project from the moment of its creation A furious anti-Soviet Teller became the de facto leader of the nuclear arms race after Oppenheimer fell out with the Pentagon Teller made a lot of efforts to ensure that the Pentagon continued to finance the development and creation of what was now not an atomic but a thermonuclear weapons Head of the underground explosions program, a fierce opponent of the nuclear test ban For 20 years, Teller advised and guided the Israeli scientific community on nuclear issues In general, a wonderful person, there is nowhere to leave a mark My excellent opinion, if anything It was Edward Teller who initiated the development of the famous research reactor Triga Training Resch isops General etomic Get Generalomic developer companies Most of all, in the description of the history of this reactor, I like the traditional beginning Usually it sounds like this In the summer of 1956, Teller led a group of young nuclear physicists in San Diego to develop a reactor that was safe by its nature And so on in the text This is how the picture is imagined Teller is sitting on a bench in the city square Young people have gathered around him Elegantly San Diego is a city in California where the University of California operates In 1952, on Teller's initiative, a new structural unit appeared at the university, now known as the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory One of two laboratories in the United States whose fundamental task was and is the development of thermonuclear weapons They are responsible for the safety and reliability of US nuclear weapons Some gentlemen gathered in a park in San Diego and, out of boredom, began to develop a research reactor because Teller gave them a hint Do you really believe that Teller, a famous humanist and educator, pulled such a project out of his own head on his own initiative Sorry, it's not funny The States needed a tool capable of launching the Atom for Peace program and an agreement 1 2 3 Inexpensive research reactor Its development was undertaken by the private company General Emic, which carried out contract work and individual experiments in the interests of the Levermoor laboratory in the creation of nuclear weapons, all this was financed by the state budget of the states I do not see a single coincidence, as there is none in the fact that for the Triga reactor, which, for example, was delivered to Iran, uranium with an isotope enrichment of 93% was used as fuel Only the exclusively private company General Emic had every right to such a degree enrichment Well, such an effective private initiative And only after such a preface I will try to return to the previously declared topic of the participation of the States in the emergence of the formation of the nuclear programs of Iran and Pakistan It is useful to know the background Well, it seems to me so
2025-05-26 20:39
