Путь Европы в КРИЗИС: Третий Энергопакет. Атомная Энергия - Решение или Проблема?
[music] before assessing the current situation in the global nuclear energy industry, it is advisable to recall what happened in 2021. Of course, I admit that the most important event is now taking place on the line of combat contact. What time is it that the Russian infantry is again forced to destroy the European Nazism countries Well, and the entire third in a row from sun on the planet, our new Elite is being formed there on the forehead. I sincerely
believe that it will determine the Face of Russia in the very near future, but from the point of view of energy I was not familiar February a year Surprisingly, few people have been thinking about this lately, so try to correct the situation in advance by asking for forgiveness from everyone to whom such an approach seems cynical; three general regulations from the European Commission were in force at the legislative level; a directive on renewable energy sources; a third energy package and a target model of the European gas market. in short, these are all kinds of preferences towards V generation, discrimination against Coal energy, separation of vertically integrated gas companies, pricing based on stock exchange quotations and a complete refusal Groningen models of long-term export gas contract long-term export gas contract The Groningen contract is the long-term nature of contracts, linking the cost of gas to the oil basket and the principle of pump and or pay, the target model of the European gas market was developed in 2011 and at the same time a deadline was set for which it was to be formed in 2019 if if anyone is interested I can remember the details of this European drama eket Legislation European Commission having, in the most literal sense of the word, hammered the European Union countries with a gavel and are now desperately resisting the demand to close and destroy all coal power plants and so on, but this is for sweet and only if in the comments there are requests on this topic at the same time as demands addressed to Gazprom to abandon the oil-linked price of gas The European Commission is putting pressure on the Northern Pipeline 2 but a very popular term is one of the components of the third energy package the company owning the main gas pipeline had to lose the right to pump independently produced or imported gas through it; gas suppliers did not have the right to reserve more than 50% of the transit capacity in the main gas pipelines; these requirements initially applied only to European companies. Master laid the territory; decisions of the European Commission; these requirements were extended to the Nord Stream project 2 which Gazprom was not going to agree to because at the time of making the final investment decision there were no such restrictions, which the European Commission violated the requirements for the protection of investor rights, and let me remind you that all 100% of the shares of the Swiss company 2G, which was the owner and operator of Nord Stream 2, belonged to Gazprom; a lawsuit followed from the Rhone of the Russian company; in response, the European Union introduced another anti-Russian sanctions at that time in Crimea, which forced the Italian company to the general contractor for laying the offshore part of Nord Stream 2 to leave the site without completing the work recalled the passion of a very recent time, the prolonged winter of 2020-2021 in Europe turned into an abnormally hot summer, which was also accompanied by a prolonged calm; the result was quite natural: increased demand for Ro Egorovo gas at European hubs Gazprom, which was forced to agree that the price formulas for long-term contracts with European companies 83 influence became fall on the same stock exchange quotes, I also increased my prices for these contracts; the result of the supply of Russian gas was no longer brought down by the stock exchange gas quotations the price of Russian gas gas is higher than its contractual obligations Although it was physically possible for this to be done, the underground gas storage facility it owned on the territory of the European Union provided such opportunities. It was only that summer that the demand for gas increased within Russia and Gazprom quite rightly decided that its own shirt was Closer to body The further into the forest, the thicker the partisan supply in Are Europe polypro carried nivo there is no and we have no desire to play with spot deliveries because watch your hand Europolis raised their teeth at all their tinned throats, but the decibels of these screams did not bring legal and financial consequences and prices at gas hubs confidently crawled up in 2020 after the covid year European the gas market entered with quotes of about $175 per 1000 cubic meters, by the summer of the first year the quotes reached the level of $600 for the same volume. Air supply from Europe was becoming larger, but they did not make any impression on Gazprom; it was simply unprofitable for our concern to increase supply volumes beyond the limits stipulated by the contracts completion of the construction of Nord Stream 2 required money. So why was it necessary to refuse to earn it if no
law or law was violated? by-law in force in the European Union Although it was sleepily obvious from the third river of the gas market, European business received more tangible damage in the European Commission, no one thought about the need to adjust all this lawmaking, for me personally the most surprising thing is that large European business agreed to tolerate the outright madness of their politicians But it seems that the creative Heritage of the Marquis de Sade is also among the European values, but at the same time, normal business has not gone away; if gas becomes more expensive, it is inevitable electricity tariffs are growing and inevitably the moment has come when competition from Coal generation has arrived, we look at the cost of a gas kilowatt-hour, we take into account the cost of carbon quotas, the cost of coal, coal plus quo less, great, we begin to inflate coal on the furnaces of power plants, climate agenda, global fight against global warming, yes, yes, no forgot but the calculator the wallet is more important if we ignore the details then by the end of the twenty-first year a picture for the leaders of European politicians and the bureaucrats turned out to be completely bleak, the cost of gas, electricity, the share of coal generation was growing, the Russian economy was growing, it was not eager to see [ __ ] a new one was poured in, the Green agenda was sent to rhyme with the word Europe And this was not the word Penelope’s idea of the Eurocrab of the 2000s and 1900s, which except for the Good of opinions that any supply of ethical resources will gladly agree to even the most absurd demands addressed to them, the suppliers will be so huge that it simply guarantees a low level of prices plan As usual, Nadzh turned out to be like a Swiss watch by the end of the year the cost of gas Naf of the helm marks incredibly wise Cape UFN that the model of the European gas market is simply wonderful, just externally the conditions are somehow wrong But this is a temporary phenomenon, soon everything will be fine and in some places it’s even wonderful because Personally, I have something with the English language and the German language is so-so. For some reason, his performance reminded me of the howl of a Shaman making rain by hitting someone’s tambourine Ursula herself understood that she was not far from this image, so she was forced to look for a way to deal with the principles, but to do it so that no one would notice, climbing a tree and eating a fish is not the easiest exercise in circus art. But where the European Commission did not disappear, the news broke out in the form of publication on the official the website of the European Commission appeared on December 31, 2021 at 255 mean time document foreign gas and nuclear generation since European bureaucrats have invented and are using their own newspeak, let's decipher the decision of the European Commission - this is a draft law mandatory for execution by the national governments of the member countries of the European Union which can only be ratified, this is a process of contrary ratification, stopping the entry of such a document into force according to the rules adopted in the European Union is possible only in two ways and voting on the abolition of this decision in the European Parliament by an absolute majority of 353 votes out of 705 deputies, even if the European Parliament did not reject the decision to abandon it, it is possible if the Veta right is used by no less than three governments of states that are part of the European Union in which at least 65% of the population of the European Union live. Sorry
companies, but we are quite tolerant of what is mistakenly called the Russian language in our native Ministry of Finance and in the Central Bank, taxonomy is also a service term and not something This was introduced from the vocabulary of Ursula’s daughter the taxonomy itself was, again, the European Commission in 2020, this is a classification system that determines which types of economic activities are considered sustainable in terms of their impact on the environment and which are not, the European Union regulations of the twentieth year, however, did not contain a list of such types of activities, this issue was decided to be transferred to the jurisdiction of the European Commission in during two first year, the European Commission presented this list for a number of sectors of the economy, including transport, construction and energy. Of course, the list included wind, solar and hydroelectric power generated by burning coal, oil and petroleum products, disputes and discussions regarding nuclear energy and the use of natural gas continued until the end of the year only then The European Commission made its move taking into account radiophobia and the intensity of demagoguery around natural gas. The decision of December 31, 2021, at first glance, can be taken as some kind of capitulation of the European Commission for a bold and daring step towards common sense, but everything does not disappear in order to import common sense into the territory occupied by the European faucet for gas generation, the document establishes a threshold for greenhouse gas emissions below which electricity production is considered sustainable 100 g of carbon dioxide per 1 kilowatt hs for understanding, the technologies used today yield a yield of 40,490 g of carbon dioxide per kilowatt, that is, gentlemen, officials and politicians to demand from power engineers the need to show the world and the city a technology that can only be dreamed of, not scientifically, to reduce emissions not by a percentage. But many times otherwise, everything seems somehow unsustainable from the generous souls; however, one concession was made in the event that a new the gas power plant will be built as a replacement station in place of Ugolnaya, and if construction permission from the regulatory authorities is received before December 2030, then this can be allowed as much as 270 g of carbon dioxide per 1 kW of electricity produced, there are scientific research works that suggest that the threshold of these 270 g of carbon dioxide per kilowatt per hour can be achieved if about 25% hydrogen is added to the methane going into the furnace, and the combustion temperature will become much higher, but the material Vedas are already working in this direction, trying to develop metal alloys that will withstand such a thermal load. Well, this work is now at the level of research work, just in case Let me remind you what the stage of introducing new technologies into industry looks like. The first stage
takes up to 10 years of research work, of which usually 15-20 reach the level of non-developmental research and development work. This is the second stage, its usual duration is from 5 to years per level. industrial implementation is about to remain. Remember that at present there are no problems with storing and transporting pure hydrogen, a chemically extremely active chemical element whose interaction with metals leads to embrittlement the European Commission so that power engineers use only the so-called green hydrogen produced at solar or wind power plants, the only conclusion that arises is to count on the fact that there will be at least one energy company in the world that will risk fulfilling the conditions of the green taxonomy 2021 for gas generation, it is simply not necessary, especially, of course, taking into account that what is happening on the European gas market after February twenty-two? invest in construction using some super new technologies gas power plants with such volatility in the cost of natural gas is unlikely. It is possible, even theoretically, under such conditions, neither credit institutions nor insurance companies will cooperate , and achieving government guarantees with a growing budget deficit in a number of countries will be possible at best. In a few years, so the result of the publication received by the European Commission decisions About the taxonomy turned out to be somewhat strange, on the one hand, irritation from all sorts of environmental parties and movements, on the other hand, it was not thought out a lot. I hope everyone has already noticed this year that one European company after
another is either leaving all sorts of hydrogen projects or shift these projects to the right until that Happy time when government funding goes to the projects, of course, it is very pleasant to note that our respected government does not even think about adjusting the Russian hydrogen program adopted in 2010; we can’t sneeze at the fact that all peaceful water in the state has been decided to remain Just pour hydrogen into all the holes and complete happiness will come nuclear energy Of course, through the requirements of 100 g of carbon dioxide per 1 kilowatt hour generation slips through unhindered, even such great specialists as the politicians of the European Commission were forced to admit that the fission chain reaction of a uranium nucleus is not accompanied by the release of carbon dioxide and I am sure that they should be congratulated on this unprecedented discovery, but to present at least some kind of friction to the stations would be a loss of face for the European Union, so it was necessary stretch your imagination here is a list of additional requirements EU countries have received the right to operate existing nuclear power plants as long as they ensure the disposal of toxic waste without harming the environment, new nuclear power units will be considered clean if their construction is approved by state regulatory authorities before 2045 new nuclear power plants will meet European safety standards European safety standards - these words in quotes are not a meaningless set of sounds as it may seem, but another incredibly important example European bureaucratic newspeak In 2007, the European Commission created a European group of nuclear safety regulators NSG, which included representatives of government regulators countries of the EU and represent the European Commission itself, while in the regulation there is independence from the European Commission, this is impossible to understand, you just need to remember in 2011 after the disasters at the Japanese nuclear power plant Fukushima Da reg, to improve the safety of European nuclear power plants, developed a stress test, let me remind you that there are nuclear power plants in Europe 146 pieces were immediately added to this initiative by Switzerland and Ukraine. Russia informed that it was not interested in such creativity and preferred to do without interference. European specialists comply with the rules presented by the IGT And of course, all the requirements of Rostekhnadzor are quite sufficient, in addition to these two organizations, the Russian nuclear power plant is additionally checked by the JSC World Association of Nuclear Power Plant Operators Companies, these are truly professionals, experience of mutually beneficial cooperation with which Russian Atom has much more significant honor with the newly-minted reg, perhaps if If there were no representatives of the European Commission in this reg, cooperation would make sense, but the presence of not only professionals from national regulators, but also politicians, seems to make things softer a fair amount of skepticism, since personally I don’t suffer from political correctness so much that I’ll allow myself my own opinion: European politicians should not be allowed closer than a cheek shot to our nuclear power plants. The public
is very doubtful, but approximately these considerations, expressed in a more delicate form, concern only our own nuclear power plants. But with Rosatom’s export projects, it’s a different matter; there’s no way to live with wolves without howling like a wolf. Moreover, in 201, Rosatom signed an agreement with Turkey on the construction of the Aku nuclear power plant on its territory in 2013 with Finland on the construction of the Hanhikivi nuclear power plant in 2014 with Hungary on the construction of the Paks 2 nuclear power plant Turkey, of course, is not part of the European Union But remember, 2030 years ago, declaring an offensive, the supply observes politeness because until the very last time, Rosatom reasonably counted on the possibility of new European nuclear energy projects and it was a decision was made on the need for cooperation between the agricultural sector and chronologically it began in our country at the construction of the Belarusian nuclear power plant, where our and Belarusian specialists started already in 2011 retest x checking the stability of nuclear plants and natural disasters long-term lack of our own power supply and some kind of management of incidents and accidents check on in the European system, the stress test takes place in two stages; after the first stage, participants x make recommendations to eliminate the identified inconsistencies with which introduce the vendor company and the national state regulator to them about how much time they need to get after Ott that the aircraft has been corrected in the second stage of stress tests so that x can make sure that all their valuable recommendations are taken into account ; In the glorious city of Ostrovets, a recommendation was made to increase the seismic resistance of the fire department built for the nuclear power plant to 7 points, according to local sources. power supply That's why the Belarusian supervisory authorities have left
and supplemented the NSH worked in Belarus from 2016 to 2018, it ended with the fact that the Europeans recognized their resistance to stress and were satisfied with themselves and went home, not paying attention to the Howl that burst from the Lithuanian swamps. Yes, I would like to emphasize that Belarus’s consent to cooperation was not even voluntary, but they insisted on their own initiatives The fear is that the Belarusians themselves decided that a security check is never too much and they themselves asked to carry out these stress tests in general, the natural caution of the Belarusians with regard to their first AS is exemplary; the checks were carried out by GT state regulators and Belarus and Russia were checked by Pros from the World Association of Operators and they were not satisfied with the heap, but the reasons for this behavior are for psychologists if not for psychiatrists, I specifically describe this procedure in sufficient detail, which goes beyond the post-Fokusinsky requirements of the mgt, since by now the NSH stress test is on the territory In Europe, only two new nuclear power plants have been passed: Oki Finland, where the French reactor pr 1600 and Ostrovets AS are operated, which is how the Belarusian nuclear power plant is called Vze Magat, where the VVR 1200 reactors from Rosatom operate, now cooperation between Rosatom and Rivers in Turkey continues at the Akkuyu nuclear power plant, two technologies that have passed all conceivable safety checks that are approved by the IMT approved by the state regulator approved only two technologies, the French pr 1600 and the Russian V100, are currently approved by the Euratom and approved by the NSH. We will simply state that any new technology, European American Canadian Chinese South Korean, will have to pass through such a sieve, the requirement for the safety level. Of course, one cannot deny the fact that the NSH Steele’s stress and all the operating
AS in Europe, the work was big and since in these countries they considered it necessary, it was carried out But here one more point must be taken into account according to the requirements of the Magat, new nuclear power units under construction must belong to generation 3 PS, to which the old European nuclear power plants definitely do not belong, and such a set of requirements and safety level checks have been passed today only for EPR 16600 and VVR 12200 related to 3PS technologies. there is, if we strictly implement the letter of the decision of the European Commission of December 31, 2019, the criteria for the European taxonomy have only been fully fulfilled French and Russian technology Yes, I’m not arguing about casuistry in its purest form. But I’ve already said that living with wolves is purely hypothetical and even theoretically the same Austria, in which nuclear energy is completely prohibited by law, has grounds to sue the New NPP project in any in the country of the European Union, state security, European requirements for fear of registry simply guarantee additional time delays And, of course, additional financial costs, but in the event that any of the EU countries will not invite this very NSH, this is already a guarantee of a lawsuit for which Austria is very generous in its assets, for example, a lawsuit against Hungary regarding the VVR 1200 watts, whatever it is, is not protected from a tsunami and a volcanic eruption, Budapest has done its job, confidently fought off the claims neighboring countries sloops on the judge's table inspection documents VVR 1200 carried out by Magat World Association of Operators and NSH and this is, in general, almost a philosophical reflection to solve financing issues for 7-8 years to carry out construction And this is no longer EVM requirements iroo Gorev It’s not enough that they know how to twist the brains of their own countries additionally Sorry, but why Well , okay, the collective farm did it voluntarily 2020 2021 is the time when politics did not enter but literally burst into the world nuclear energy industry, until this moment it is not surprising that the rivalry of the company between vendors was quite civilized competition walked within the rules, a good example Finland won the tender for a nuclear power plant Ollo, the French Reva won a little later in 2013, Rosatom became the winner at the tender for the Hanhi nuclear power plant, while it was not our corporation, not a French one, they did not go through the courts, they did not express indignation It’s a shame, but definitely not a reason build Forges for each other But in 2011 and Perm they refused to cooperate with Russia under the double pressure of Brussels and Washington Bulgaria from the Czech Republic at 20 according to the same Prim due to the nature of Ruby re Sun 20 collective The West of WuXia celebrated the day of the Red Army in such a way that from the hardest time it came up with the idea of multiplying the number of restrictions against Russia in almost all sectors of the economy, especially diligently in the energy sector. But Rosatom did not become the recipient of the so-called sanctions, I have already said that and other industries in recent years have become more than just the scientific and technological advance of this industry is obvious; its development in Russia should be much higher than in this very West; my opinion is, of course, purely biased, but Raphael grossi general director ha it is shared by the global nuclear industry it is simply impossible to do without Russian achievements. And
in order to even try to catch up with Rosatom, the West will need ten years under two conditions: if the West collectively strains and the entire Rosatom team goes on a collective vacation for the same ten years despite the knife, the number of packages of sanctions, everything that the West dared to undertake against Rosatom was placed on the restriction lists of enterprises of the nuclear weapons complex and a number of new business areas of our nuclear corporation composite materials aditi vgo this time only about nuclear energy technologies nuclear technologies are of course not so little, especially when it comes to second generation reactors, that is, those that have not yet been applied modern safety requirements, these requirements are the result of a very sad experience, the result of the analysis is not only accidents and catastrophes, but also so-called nuclear radiation incidents, that is, including accidents and breakdowns not only on the nuclear island but also in electric power plants, which could potentially and sometimes lead to emissions radioactivity, let me remind you once again that the so-called atomic pause , which began, not surprisingly, not after the Chernobyl disaster in 1979, but in 1979 after the accident at the American A 3 Ma is led to severe stagnation in the nuclear energy industry , led by the Rhone Magat and state regulators themselves The United States has led to a conclusion that is not a consolation for financial managers; much more attention is required to security systems; they should be larger; they should provide for all possible risks; a comforter for financiers since the implementation of new safety systems required money up to 20% of the total cost of the power unit, the enthusiasm of nuclear workers ready to get involved in such work was not supported by potential investors, customers and banks, which was the reason for that very atomic pause; the design of new reactors was underway but construction was not carried out nuclear energy - physics, which without experiments is unthinkable; violating this Abu truth is allowed only obliquely and astrophysics, keeping this axiom in mind, French nuclear scientists countries where, unlike the United States, the nuclear industry was and remains state-owned, they made every effort to develop a design for a new reactor, the innovation of which could shake the confidence of potential customers that in the long term, construction and from an economic point of view becomes profitable despite a very serious investment in during the construction itself, a new safety system guarantees an increase in the installed capacity utilization factor; this will also be facilitated by innovative fuel , which will increase the duration of fuel sessions; an improved electrical power component will increase efficiency; increased The reliability of the entire complex of equipment should have been significantly increased by a third, that is, from 40 to 60 years, the operating time of nuclear power units should have been increased as a result, the dependence of the cost of generated electricity on the cost of nuclear fuel should have been reduced to 78% and, as a result, inexpensive, reliable, almost round-the-clock generation of electricity, which fits into long-term business plans development like this if in the most general terms of the concept development like this if in the most general terms the concept in France was carried out at the state level an additional incentive was export perspective, if we are able to offer something so new and attractive for investment, then this is a chance to get ahead of all competitors and enter the operational and even strategic space for the reactor development project, which is called pr by 2000, a number of state-owned companies in France were merged into a single whole, the new company received the name ava, and the nuclear division of the German sys joined on a voluntary basis by the end of the nineties, the idea was finally formed, and the French nuclear scientists decided that the pr 16600 project should be aimed at foreign markets and only after it has been worked out in export directions will the construction of nuclear power plants based on these follow reactors at home, such as time has shown, an erroneous algorithm, reference blocks exported only after the construction technology has been sufficiently tested, the personality of Madame en Loven, the initiator of the merger of French companies, Riva, who has headed this consortium since its founding 200 her own 201 Glasha the most influential woman in France at the head of a company with 58,000 employees of ten million, the previously unknown concept of a 3ps generation nuclear reactor came into use atomic Anna pros What is it about exactly not some formalized description of what exactly is included in this very plus RZh was the initiator of Rev's participation in the tender for the construction of the third power unit of the Oki nuclear power plant in Finland, permission for which was received by the customer in the person of the energy company TU state regulator knock in 2001 good May VN about the fate of Not only S100 but also General Electric with the SVR reactor erector economically simplified boiling water nuclear reactor with a capacity of 1390 MW Well, Atomstroyexport with the B100 reactor Project 91/99 the winner was the re contract was signed on December 18, the winner was Reva, the contract with you was signed on December 18, 2003, fixed price 3.2 billion euros, date of launch into commercial production operation in 2009 without a specific month is already much later, by 201 it became obvious that the reactor project pr 16600 at the time of the Finnish tender, I was ready for 230 percent of it. I am finishing up the costs by entering into legal proceedings, either from yours or from the system, and only during construction. It turned out that the nuclear complex of France is not ready for serious projects, from the word in general managers are working with a total of 21,000 contractors for the production of equipment from dozens of countries on the planet, then such information is the winner in the tender for the construction of the Barakah nuclear power plant in In the United Arab Emirates, Ava was no longer able to become a contract worth 25 billion dollars went to South Korea, by order of DDF, the construction of the third power unit began at the site of the Laville nuclear power plant with the right of France in 2009 and 201, the construction of two units of the Spr 1600 at the site of the Taishan nuclear power plant in In China, the Chinese site became the biggest success of French nuclear scientists, but no longer Are A from df which became the general contractor And the status of Are was demoted to the level of a supplier of reactor equipment, as usual in cases with China, full information about the financial terms of the contracts, so come ori in 2010, I assure you that the cost of construction of pr 16600 in China will not exceed 1680 euros per kilowatt installed capacity, that is, the blocks should have cost the Chinese 2.7 billion euros apiece at the then exchange rate, also but at dollars 2,000 per kilowatt of power or 3.2
billion dollars for each unit, the result turned out to be slightly different: 3,800 dollars per kilowatt or 6.1 billion dollars per unit, that is, the excess was 90% and this, not surprisingly, is the highest achievement of French nuclear scientists today - exceeding the estimated cost for the Okita nuclear power plant in Finland amounted to 129 estimated total for 3 28% of the contract value which Regarding the timing of construction, the units were put into commercial operation not after the contract 46 months, but after 9 years, the first unit in December 2018, the second In September 2019, the story about the Oki nuclear power plant, the third power unit would have been long and sad. And I specifically dwell in more detail on the nuclear power plant Taisha in China, this is again the best result popr 16600 with projects in Finland in France in England everything is much more sad the best practical result doubling the estimated cost, which means the deadlines were twice exceeded, but at the same time, more than half of the work was undertaken by Chinese nuclear machine builders; another nuance after all the failures with a tender in the United Arab Emirates with deadlines and estimates in Finland in France and in China with uranium scandal around a Canadian company bought for half a billion euros but in African deposits which Uranium was not discovered are not only the loss of Avern as president but also with great difficulty avoided bankruptcy today, a project of about 1600 thanks to the efforts of European politicians is the only one possible for the European Union that has not only passed licensing but for which there is at least some experience in actual construction of a second, non- Russian or non-Chinese nuclear reactor project that has a license for construction in Europe AP 1000 from the American company Venga, a construction license from the sovereign Venya would still be part of the European Union, but it was accepted for licensing the construction site at least Today there is excellent American technology, four operating AP 1000 reactors in China, two operating the same reactors in the USA itself. It’s just some kind of joy. That’s all, just like in old song Everything is fine, beautiful marquise, except for the waste And there are not so many farts here between 2009 and 2018, with this exceeding the initial estimate, the Chinese customers are politically correct in keeping silent over these years , the controlling stake in the Japanese was transferred to Canadian companies through a voluntary bankruptcy procedure and in China, in many respects, the efforts of the Chinese are quick, American specialists once helped with the repair of the failed main circulation pump of the second unit of the nuclear power plant Sanya power plant, the accident happened a couple of months after the launch, two units with an AP 1000 reactor as part of a nuclear power plant in the USA were repaired for about a year, and Seya, the general contractor, in general, the same French Charm, only in profile, double the time frame, no less than double Sveta, but also the algorithm for saving drowning people is the work of the drowning people themselves, he ordered the reactors from Westinghouse, so he built them himself. You can, of course, make an argument out of thin air, but it’s nothing like that They say that the new owners will definitely leave the old bad traditions. Look, there are already so many thoughts and protocols of intentions in the ki sha sconce Bolga, who refused to cooperate with the room for and blocks of the nuclear power plant Kozloduy Likho, they awarded the victory in the tender to Westinghouse, after which they were discouraged, they learned a new approach. The American Canadians turns out to be Westinghouse patent holders,
technology owners, but nothing more, all the issues with finding a general contractor, all the problems with financing now we have to do it ourselves Bom to decide this is the result given by European American politicians for the nuclear industry, if in the bastard language of financiers, then it should probably sound something like this: the refusal to cooperate with the leading nuclear corporations of Russia and China narrowed the circle of potential technology suppliers, which inevitably led to an increase in the cost of alternative proposals But this is in bird language and from a technological point of view, the Armed Forces have yet to develop these tests and tests not only in the nuclear reactors themselves, there are a number of problems that, without Russia, without Rusatom, will be very difficult to solve, first of all raw materials, that is, uranium ore and enriched uranium product, let me remind you once again that these are completely different products, completely different goods about the World Cup in Dep cases, this is a mountain where it is hoped that the SSU can convey technical financial details to the widest possible circle in our time, a rich deposit of Uranium is considered to be ore containing this metal in 1% of 100% of a kilo raised from non-ore 99 kilo is waste rock, it is obvious that in this form, these 100 e of processing of waste rock are carried out right here next to the deposits, transporting thousands of tons of waste rock is not economically feasible, not now in the times of total capitalism, not in the times of historical materialism with its planned economy and the nuclear arms race mining and processing plants using mineral deposits have been built since the formation of the nuclear industry as a result of the enrichment of natural resources ore Zaki CHS Uranium in the language of the Chemist brothers or yellow cake in professional slang, this is already a product that is becoming more and more in demand every year, and this is if Put your hand on your heart, the market is almost monopoly, soon it’s already two decades since over 40% to 45% of the market uranium ore yellowcake belongs to the brilliant Kazakhstan and its state enterprise atomproject continues geologists from our southern neighbors do not sit still, but yellowcake is not nuclear fuel for such a transformation several more stages of processing are required due to the chemical and physical properties of the ninety-second element of the periodic tables the content of the fissile isotope of Uranium Uranium 235 in natural ore is 0.71 about only Uranium 235 corresponds to school a free Neutron hit the core of Uranus and destroyed it, two free Neutrons jumped out of the core and hit two Uranium nuclei. The main isotope Uranium 238 does not participate in the fission chain reaction. In order to carry out a controlled fission chain reaction, it is necessary that the content of Uranium 235 be at least 3 ,6 The only exception is reactors in which heavy water is used as a substitute, but there are very few such reactors in Bir. I am ready to talk about this in detail if I see in the comments your Dear viewers and listeners interest in this topic in order to achieve an increased content of Uranium 235, the yellow cake goes through a logical chain of three more stages in order for the Uranium to pass into the gas state at a temperature of about 57°, the yellow cake undergoes the so-called chemical conversion time, Uranium hexafluoride is obtained from Uranium oxides; a compound of one Uranium atom with hundred fluorine atoms; this is the second stage of production; the third gas centrifuges at the output of which are Uranium hexafluoride in which there is much more Uranium 235 from 36% to 55% slightly different requirements for different types of nuclear power reactors But this is not an aircraft for nuclear fuel requires uranium oxide, the production of which is again provided by fellow chemists and so such an operation, which is briefly called Uranium reconversion, is already the fourth stage of processing uranium ore, enrichment of the uranium itself ore once conversion of Uranium two enrichment in terms of Uranium 235 content 3 reconversion of Uranium it is already clear that the cost of yellow cake and the enriched uranium product are two big differences, very big differences, since to obtain Uranium with energy enrichment according to uranium 235 an average of 9 kg of yellow cake per day is required chemical conversion operations reconversion price of 1 kilogram of enriched uranium product in 101 times higher than the price of yellowcake, I suggest you just remember this Kazakhstan is a natural ore of Uranium, yellowcake against the backdrop of Kazakhstan, all other countries So-so comt But both uranium products are the same, the share of which today is 47%, but here the arithmetic is not very Linear since another 16% of the world market enriched uranium product - This is China, which until the summer of this year did not sell enriched uranium product to anyone for obvious reasons in China now so many nuclear power plants are being built that it would theoretically be able to ensure for itself this global dependence on Russian technology, the collective West can overcome because the European company Yurenko, although inferior to Rusatom in terms of manufacturability, is able to enrich Uranium; this requires a colon of money, selection of sites and their licensing, and 7 years 8 for the construction of new enrichment plants, that is, in the most optimistic case, in about a dozen years the situation with nuclear fuel for reactors will be even more cheerful low power, that is, up to 300 mgW, they require the enrichment of Uranium by isotope 235 to 19.5, and here the dependence on Rosatom technology does not have to be calculated , even in the hypothetical case if the former Flagship of Western Nuclear Energy, the United States of America, strains all its financial organizational muscles and will solve the problems with all options for enriching Uranium using the 235 isotope, we must not forget that it is also necessary to solve the problem of nuclear fuel irradiation in In the seventies, the Americans were smart enough at the legislative level to wrap up the renewable fuel from the technology for its reprocessing. I will not give details. Given
the highest rates of development of nuclear energy in China, and with the gigantic financial capabilities of this country, China does not have a single plant for reprocessing the renewed nuclear fuel. When it comes to the development of such technologies. about the construction of such enterprises, this is already about tens of years of hard work in China. China has developed its own 3p generation reactor dragon 1 hpr 1000 Huang 1 but the licensing of this technology started in England of the same England and was stopped therefore for the West only pr 16600 and ap 1000 In the near future, new Canadian heavy-duty technologies for processing nuclear fuel and the missing Uranium enrichment capacity from Yurenko can also be added to the growing problems with mining projects in Africa, but even without this it is quite obvious if we count on global growth nuclear energy, then in the next 10 years we have to rely on those who are truly capable of building, capable of ensuring operation and guaranteeing withdrawal from it Russia China the growing technologies of India and Iran, frozen in the fog of judicial princi South Korea On the other side of the buyers koto in its own east Not our barrier, this is their project according to their drawings according to their architecture over the past 2 years, the outline of this barrier Unfortunately, they are becoming more and more visible towards the edge for me personally evaluative opinion I am convinced that nuclear energy with its durability and its minimal dependence on the cost of nuclear fuel is necessary and important for the entire planet; the level of technology required for it The development of Highness co-op is much better than show jumping and is completely artificial and is created by those who have no real connection to nuclear energy. Details in the next programs of the cycle which will certainly follow [music]
2024-12-15 20:49
